%i £ f ç
jn i-'J
';¡(¡ I
iii ip
'a !
P ’il'ilil! :
Iti
f i t
(Leps. d. ii. pi. 26, and k. pi. 13 to 63). The character of the palm-leaf occurs under the Third
dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3).
Phoenix dactylifera of the countries around the Persian Gulf. Called in Britain date, in France
“ dattier” (Nugent), in Germany “ dattelpalme ” (Grieb), in Italy “ palma” and the fruit “ dattero”
(Lenz), in Greece “ phoinika” and the fruit “ kóurmathés” (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen “ nachl ”
(Forsk.), and at the time of the invention of writing already in the Mediterranean countries,—
where its introduction has changed the whole aspect of the Southern shores : P. dactylifera is figured
apart from hieroglyphic writing at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, and in planted groves continues
to the present day prominent in the landscape throughout Egypt. “ Threescore and ten palm
tree s ” were found by tlie Israelites at Elim in the Desert (Ex . x v.-27) : and farther North, the
“ phoinikos” planted on Delos was seen by Homer od. vi. 162; the “ palma” is mentioned by Varrò
i. 22, Columella, and Pliny ; and P. dactylifera continues cultivated for ornament on the Northern
shores of the Mediterranean, except in Spain rarely ripening fruit (A. Dec.). Southward from
Egypt, was observed by Forskal, and myself, under cultivation in Yemen, but the opposite Somali country
supplied witli imported fruit from Muscat ; and two or three stocks planted on Zanzibar were
barren. Eastward, seemed the pinnate-leaved palm figured in the cave-teraples at Adjunta ; is called
in the environs of Bombay “ kajooree ” (Grab.), but does not in Plindustan produce edible fruit (Royle
fibr. pi., and other.s), was observed by myself under cultivation with other palms for its crude sap
called “ toddy.” Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as “ exotic ” in Burmah and called “ swon-
ba-lwon.” (Compare P. sylvestris )
night-heron; “ a v o k ” or “ a v ó k ” raven, “ v a i ” nycticorax (compare nycticorax destroying
nestiings of crow at night, Horap. ii. 24); “ vai-tshinè” messengers; “ v 6 k i” maid-servant,
“ v o k i” pregnant; “ v én e ” or “ vénnè” door-post. The selection seems connected with the
note qu6k uttered by the bird while flying high overhead in the night. — In Latin “ voco ” to call,
“ v en io” to come. The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Seventeenth
dynasty to the Nineteenth (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. d iii. pi. 5 and 140).
The iiifit-heron. Ardea nycticorax, indigenous and well known in Egypt when writing was
invented. The bird is widely diffused over the Northern Hemisphere wherever there is water; and
is frequent even in North America.
jackal; (“ ku na ” signifying sacred scribe, also laughter, Horap. i. 37), “ s6 vS ” or
“ s5v i ” laughter; “ sa v é ” wise (“ s v 6 ” learning, Horap. i. 3 6 ) ;— in Hebrew “ s f r ”
scribe; in Greek “ sophos” wise; in Latin “ sapiens,” in Spanish “ sabbe,” in French
“ savaiit.” The selection has given rise among Northern nations to the assignment of
superior cunning to the fox ; a persuasion at the present day too universal to be eradicated from
the human mind. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing
(Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 35 to 67).
“ v a v é ” or “ v a a v é ” insipid; “ v è l ” to enervate, weaken; “ v e l ” to liquefy ; — in Hebrew
“ v èw ” inane, in English “ v e a l” The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty, also in
the Book of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twenty second (Leps. cl. ii. pi. 10, and
k. pi. 12 to 24).
“ vóuhé ” or “ vouhi ” eyelids (discerning or diagnosis of life or death by the sacred scribe,
Horap. i. 36); “ v o u r ” or “ hvour” sinister; “ vSor ” or “ vòrvér ” or “ vérvór ” to reject, cast
away ; “ val ” or “ vèl ” ej e ; “ vèllé ” or “ vllé ” blind ; “ v61 ” interpretation, solution ; — The character
occurs as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 66, and Champ, diet. 384).
^ ^ “ vatshour” a saw ; “ vatsho r” or “ vatshar ” J o x (jackal ; “ vassara” of Herodotus iv.
p. 192 Lybian fo x ) ; “ v a s ” or “ v i s i ” to saw asunder ; “ vrvort ” cut in two or rent ; “ v ik i” band
or halter; “ v a s is ” rope-maker ; “ v a tsh i” or “ phatshi” half; “ sévè ” or “ scvi ” or “ sefi ” sword ;
— in Hebrew “ v ts r ” to cut off or gather grapes, “ vtso ” to divide; in English “ sever.” The
character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 35, to iii. pi. 138).
(man eating hours signifying horoscope ; for men eat at stated hours, Horap. i. 40) ;
“ òuèv ” or “ oucv ” or “ ou e cv ” priest; “ òu é év ” or “ ouaav ” or “ ouav ” clean, immaculate,
v e.” The character occurs under the . . . .
or “ vuke ” or “ vëhë ” recompense,
or “ vek ” to depart. The character
holy; ouav^s ” sincerity, sincere; — in English “ wai
dynasty (Champ, text p. 357).
• “ varCt ” or “ varv5t ” money ; *“ vSkS ” or “ vekS ’
l f \ hire; “ v6tsh ” to dismiss; “ v 6 k ” servant; “ v6k ’
L j f . occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 26).
(finger signifying stomach, Horap. ii. 6 ) ; “ th e v ” finger; “ th cv i” basket; “ thgvi ” or
“ th v a f” cavern': “ a v i ” or “ gvi ” or “ £ivg ” or “ i v i ” or “ ovS ” or “ ovi ” thirst, to tliir s t;
“ thivio ” or “ thgvia ” or “ thgvvia ” or “ thvviS ” or “ thvvio ” or “ thvvicu ” or “ thvieu ” humility,
to be humiliated ; — in Greek “ thivis ” basket. The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty
to the Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22 and 101).
\ § \
“ k iv ë ” or “ ë k iv ë ” paps; “ k e v ” double; — in Hebrew “ h v ” bosom. The character
occurs under t h e dynasty (Champol. gram., and Rosselin. cxln, i) : and may be further
tn-ppci in tli6 form B of the Gicclc lêttci* vets.. , ¿i x *
(three water-jars signifying rising of the Nile, Horap. i. 2 .) ; ‘‘ valkou water-jar ; vëv,
or “ v ëu v i” to pour forth; “ mvëvi ” cisterns ; - in Arabic “ b e y b e ” lake, cisterns. The
character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twenty-first (Leps d. n. pi. 3, and k. pb 7 to
43). The character of four water-jars occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the I-.fteenth (Leps. d. pi.
97, and k,^ pL 7 - The character occurs ffom the Third
dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7, and k pi. 14 to 67).
portable furnace ? ; (burning censer signifying Egypt together with its^ immoderate
continual animal productiveness and procreation, Horap. 1. 22) ; vërvëi or
or “ vrvr ” hot, to boil or effervesce ; - in Latin “ fervor boiling, fervour, zeal. The ‘*aracte r
occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. 11. pi. 3, "i- H 7, and k.
^ T h e^ it of makinv hotteiy, known therefore when writing was invented; also various kinds of
eartl^uwa" vaseT andtmplem^^!ts in use, - as appears from figures on the Gliddon mummy-case, and
Tn monuments under the Third and Fourth dynasties. The details of the manufacture are fully
vpnrpiipnted. under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan.
( l i o n e s s signifying a woman with but one child, Horap. ii. 78) ; Hva’ or lavoi
lioness - “ l iv i” or “ liv ë ” fury, madness, to be mad against; “ livi thir.st, to desire^,
“ lô v lë v ” love, to love; “ lëvë ” or “ lovi ” or “ lo v ë ” to be insane ; - i n Hebrew lyya
lioness - in English “ love.” The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 114).
T (é iëmhôFa,” swallow or its burrow, signifying all the wealth of the parents left to the children,
Û h L p ii 29) ; “ v ën i” or “ v ên ë ” or “ veni ” swallow; “ v ë v ” burrow, cav e; ve nes tomb
“ v a S ” <^!'“ v ë l j^ ’ o r “ v ë l j ” o r “ v ljë ” earthen ware; “ v5 ” or “ v 6 ” wood; “ v ë tsh ” or “ yetsh
or “ v ô t s L ’ Io be stript : v 5l ” or “ ëvôl ” out; “ vatshi” corpse; “ v a l ” or “ v o l ” e n d ; -m
Hebrlw “ bn,” in Arabic “ b en ” son, in Latin “ bona” estate. The character occurs as early as the
FourUi^ dynasty^^^p^^^ Hirundo riparia, observed by myself as far up the Nile as the Thebaid : and
near Manfalout “ Feb. 7th,” numbers were “ scooping out their holes, all m a line, about a loot below
t lm” even summit o f the river-bank; and here at least in Nile mud. , . ,
b, in Greek mp, inherently meaning fieggar. The exclamation bah ! perhaps no evidence
of the use b in the Egyptian language ; and the inherent meaning of p, will be found strongly
“ ""'“Maëmpë” or “ vampë” goat; “ jô p ” or “ jô v ” beggar. - Compare the Persian “ b.?” food
( “ v ë k ô s ” in Herodotus ii. 2), the Hebrew “ b y ” implore, the Greek “ p a i” child, and English boy.
The hieroglyphic character occurs under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. 111. p . 15, an un .
S iS h ie r o o - ly p h ic characters furnish evidence, that the goat, Capra hircus, was already domesticated
when writing was invented : - a historic reference to the goat under the Second dynasty,
has been preserved : as distinct, from the capricorn, the goat ts figured in herds under the f ourth
ri'vnaslv fLeps d. ii. pi. 9), the horns more or less diverging, but presenting no peculiarity of
E as ¡.Vail the figures of this and later times examined by myself on the monuments. A
variet) with spreading horns, is however given by Bunsen and Bircli as a hieroglyphic character.
The o-oat is mentioned in the history of Isaac (Gen. xxv.i. 9 to 16) ; and by ancient writers
o-enemlly In Switzerland during the Stone period, the inhabitants kept goats ; as appears
, from deVis of the earliest villages (Heer, in Troyon). Eastward in Hindustan, the goat is
* mentioned in the Sama Veda (Stevenson) ; also in the institutes of Menu (Braminical version) ;
but I looked in vain for figures in the cave-temples. By European colonists, the goat was carried to
America and to the islands of the Pacific ; and at the time of my visit, had run wild on the Hawaiian,
Taheitian, and Feejeean Groups, and had been recently introduced into the Samoan.
V hard or sh, its pervading meaning anger. _
(wasp suspended, in the air, signifying bloodshed, Horap. 11. 23) 7 gatëv or
slauc-hter, to be .slain ; “ ago ” wherefore ? ; “ agëm” or “ agom or agôm eagle ; gëtgët^
or “ o-ëto-êD’ or “ gôtgët ” to inspect, investigate, scrutinize. — The character is placed over a king s
oval from at leastriie Third dynasty, and continues over one of the two ovals to perhaps the end of
hierocrlvpfiic writino' (Leps. k. pL 5 to 66). . x ^ +• .
(bee signifying a people obedient to their king, Horap. i. 59) i a people, nation ,
“ agori ” or “ agôri ” asp or cobra ; “ ëgrëi ” beneath, against ; “ ga under ; “ garat_ under
me ; “ g a ro f” again st him, under him; “ ga ron ” against us, with us ; “ gën oi goun or