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Capitolinus having left the patricians and endeavouring to incite insurrection, accused of treason, condemned,
and put to death.
“ The same year ” (Diodor. ii. 32, and Clint), return of Ctesias from the court of Artaxerxes II.
Ctesias brought accounts of a bird in India “ that could talk like a man, and even speak Greek
if it had learned the language : ” clearly the parrot, Psittacus ; further described, as in part “ of the
colour of kinnabar” (Chinese vermilion). To this time tlierefore, the parrot remained unknown in
Greece. — The “ vittakous ” of Eubulus (Athen.) is admitted to be this bird ; “ sittakous having the
human voice,” were seen in India by Nearchus ; the “ psittacus eoi's imitatrix ales ab indis,” is mentioned
by O v id ; the “ humanm solers imitator psittace linguae,” by Statius ; and in the days of Arrian
ind. 15, parrots were familiarly known in the Mediterranean countries.
Calamusfasdculatus of tlie valleys of tlie Himalaya from Cuttack to Bengal. Affording rattan
canes, and called in Bengalee “ buro-bet,” in Tamil “ paramboo ” (Drur.) ¡the KAAAMOi : APPHN
growing according to Ctesias along the Indus, strong and having no ENTEPI i lNHN, — described
by Theoplirastus iv. 11. 13 as “ stSrgos ” solid, maybe compared: the “ nadeya ” or “ vidula ” or.
“ sita ” of Susrutas chik. i, is referred here by H e s s le r : C. fasdculatus is described by Ro.xburgh
iii. 779; and according to Royle, and Drury, the stems are exported from the valleys of the Himalaya
into the plains, are about as thick as the forefinger and are used as walking-sticks. (See C.
rotang.)
Terminalia catappa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The Indian almond is a lofty tree called in
Tamil “ nattoo vadamcottay,” in Telinga “ vadam,” in Bengalee “ badam” (Drur,), in the environs
of Bombay “ buddum ” (Graham) ; and the K A P Y I N Q oil used according to Ctesias 11 by the Indians,—
m aybe compared: the sacred “ ingu di” fruit yielding according to Kalidasa sacont. healing
oil that makes the hair shine (transl. W. Jones), mentioned also by Susrutas chik. i and 18 to kalp.
6, is referred here by H e s s le r: T. catappa was observed by Rheede iv. pl. 3 in Malabar; by Graham,
“ common in gardens and about houses, Bombay,” clearly planted as observed by mj'self ; by Roxburgh,
Wight, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of Plindustan, the oil expressed from the
seeds edible and pleasant-tasted, very like almond-oil both in taste and smell. Farther West, was
observed by myself planted at Muscat and on Zanzibar; by CIot-Bey 138, in the gardens of Egypt.
Eastward from Hindustan, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; was observed by
Blanco on the Philippines, in former times used for dyeing, and to the present day planted and called
in Tagalo “ talisai,” in (Bisaya) “ talisai ” or ‘ dalasa ” or “ banilac ” or “ nato ” or “ hitam,” in Pampango
“ calisai.” in Ylocano “ lugo ” or “ pandan ; ” by mj'self, planted by the natives in the Malayan
archipelago and as far as the Feejeean and Tongan islands, conspicuous in the distance from its projecting
tapering summit of sparse horizontal branches. By European colonists, was carried to the
West Indies (Descourt. pl. . . ). T. Moluccana, called in Sanscrit “ kala-drooma,” observed by
Roxburgh ii. 433 in the mountainous countries Northeast of Bengal, and substituted in Hindustan for
T . belerica (Lindl.), is given as a distinct species.
Cycas circinalis of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. The sago-plant is
called in Telinga “ wara-gudu,” in Malabar “ todda-pana ” (Drur.) ; and the Indian 4 0 I N I K ES of
Ctesias bearing dates three times larger than the Babylonian,— may be compared : C. circinalis was
observed by Graham “ in gardens Bombay, introduced from the Eastern Islands,” by Lush, “ the
common tree from Tellicherry to the foot of the Ghauts ; ” by Rheede iii. pl. 13 to 21, in Malabar,
its vitality such that on being planted again after one or two years removal it will revive and grow ; is
very abundant according to Drury in the forests of Malabar and Cochin, and a kind of sago prepared
from the nuts is much used by the poorer classes and forest tribes. Farther West, was observed
by myself by the seaside on Zanzibar, natives on the spot asserting that it abounds and is a common
esculent on the Comoro Islands. Eastward from Hindustan, was observed by Mason 424 to 506
indigenous in Burmah and called “ mu-daing,” frequent on the mountains in various districts and
producing “ a gum like gum tragacanth ; ” by Loureiro ii. 632, in A n am ; by Blanco, on the Philippines,
growing spontaneously on the mountains as well as planted by tlie natives, called in Tagalo
“ patubo” or “ pitogo ” or “ bitogo,” and its fruit sometimes eaten ; by Rumphius i. pl. 22 to 23,
abounding on the Moluccas and the fruit eaten (Lindl.) ; by myself, seemingly wild in the Malayan
archipelago, in wild situations on the mountains of Ovolau, one of the Feejee Islands, but carried
by the natives to Tongatabu and cultivated there. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. (Compare also Diospyros kaki.)
Rosa Damascena of Central Asia. Called in English gardens Damask rose (Drur.), in French
“ rosier des quatre saisons ” (P e r s .) ; and the KAPPION, in Greek M Y PO P 0 A A, described by
Ctesias as a tree exuding drops of oil collected and kept in AAABAi T POY i i t s fragrance so powerful
that it can be perceived at the distance of five stadia, — may be compared : the account by Mark
xiv 3, and John xii. 3, of the costly “ narthos ” filling the house with its odour, is eminently descriptive
of attar o f rose: R. Damascena according to Royle him. 203 is the most esteemed and is culti-.
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 0 5
vated in Northern Hindustan for rose-water and attar of rose, but the latter is extensively distilled
only at Ghazipore within the limits of Persia ; was observed by Graham “ commonly cultivated in
Indian gardens” around Bombay; and the var, with variegated flowers, by Loureiro in Anam
(Steud.). Westward from Persia, the “ bifera rosaria Paesti ” of Virgil geor. iv. 1 19, mentioned also
by Propertius iv. 5. 59, Ovid met. xv. 708, Martial iv. 41. 10, and Ausonius xiv. ri, are referred here
by Sprengel : R. Damascena is described by Symphorius Campegius, and M ille r ; is termed “ r.
bifera alba et ro sea” by Duhamel (Steud.) ; and has become well known in the gardens of Europe.
(See R. centifolia.)
Vateria Malabarica oi Southern Plindustan. The piney varnish ox Indian copal t>ee is called
in Canarese “ dupa” (Buch.), in Telinga “ dupada mara,” in Tamil “ koondrikum ” or “ velli koondricum,”
in Malabar “ peini-marum ” (Drur.); and the Í I f T A X O P A tree on the mountains, yielding
according to Ctesias an exudation that falling into the river Uparhos hardens into amber HAEKTPON,
— may be compared : V. Malabarica is termed “ chloroxylon dupada” by Buchanan, as observed by
liim in Mysore ; is wrongly termed “ v. indica ” by Roxburgh ; and according to Drury “ forms beautiful
avenues in Malabar and Cañara ” and “ was a favourite with the ancient rajas,” yields “ an excellent
varnish resembling copal,” but “ the best specimens of the gum are employed as ornaments
under the name of amber ‘ kehroba’ to which it bears exterior resemblance.”
Vateria Roxburghiana of Burmah. Called there “ let-touk ” (Mason) ; and the locality in question—
is referred by Mason iii. 39 to the amber mines of North Burmah: V. Roxburghiana is
described by W ig h t; and according to Mason v. 486 to 515 yields a varnish similar to that of the
preceding species.
Ruellia indigofei-a of the Eastern Himalayas. Called in Assam “ room,” in Burmah “ mai-gyee ”
(Mason) ; and the purple flower ANGOS: r 0 4Y P 0YN growing according to Ctesias at the sources
of the Uparhos and brought down in quantities on rafts, the P 0 P 4 YPAN purple dye it affords being
brighter than the Greek,— is referred here by Mason: R. indigofera is described by Griffith ; was
observed by Mason “ exotic ” in Burmah, cultivated extensively for its blue dye not inferior to indigo,
the plant probably derived from Assam.
Diospyros kaki oi Japan. Chinese dates axe called by the Burmese “ tay-thee” (Mason); and
the fruit attributed to the “ siptahora” tree by Ctesias, and brought down H H P A I N O N T E S like raisins
in baskets on the same rafts, — is referred here by Mason : who further states, that the dried fruit
continues to be brought in great quantities overland to Ava, the living tree has also been introduced
and is sometimes cultivated, but “ bears fruit very .sparingly.” Farther East, was observed Kaempfer
pl. 806, and Thunberg, frequent in Japan, cultivated as well as seemingly wild. By European
colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay, observed by Graham in a garden, “ a large erect-
growing very handsome tree,” its fruit “ yellow and about the size of a small orange.”
The insects living on the amber-bearing trees, and when bruised yielding 4 0 I N IK I AAS red or
purple dye, — are referred by Mason iii. 39 to v. 357 to lac. Coccus la c c a : to the present day very
abundant in tlie Shan States of Burmah, and exported in large quantities from the mouths of the
Irawaddy; met with also by Bontius on Java. Farther West, lac as imported into Hindustan is
mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.); and as known among the Arabs, by Ishak
ebn Amran, Rhazes, Mesue can. univ., Avicenna, Ebn Elhozar, and Ebn Baitar.
The inhabitants of the mountain-district in question according to Ctesias are called by the Indians
“ Kalustrioi ” meaning in Greek “ Kunóképhaloi,” and their language resembles the barking
of dogs ; they live by hunting, clothing themselves in the skins of wild beasts and drying the meat in
the sun, but also keep sheep, goats, and donkeys, have neither bedsteads nor houses but dwell in
caves, are black in complexion, equitable in their dealings like the other Indians, and both men and
women all have tails, larger and more hairy than that of dogs. — This belief in tailed men continues
in tlie Malayan archipelago, our native pilot in the Sooloo Sea pointing to Borneo said the “ people
are very bad, but those on the mountains worse and have tails.”
Glycyrrhiza glabra of Tartary. The liquorice plant is called in Germany “ sussholz,” in Italy
“ liquirizia ” or “ regolizia ” or “ giiciiTiza ” (Lenz), in Greece “ régolitza” or “ glukoriza” (Sibth.),
in Egypt “ orksu s” (F o rsk .); in which we recognize the P I Z A N : f A Y K E I A N eaten according to
Ctesias by the pastoral people beyond the sources of the river to prevent milk from coagulating in
the stomach ; — known lo Theophrastus ix. 13. 2 only as- a “ skuthike ” root, growing about the
Maeotis and alleviating thirst if held in the mouth, enabling the Scytliians to continue eleven or
twelve days on horseback: “ radix dulcis ” is prescribed by Celsus v. 20 to 23 ; “ glycyrrhizae succi
est autem radix dulcis” according to Scribonius Largus 75 to 86; and the “ thoulkis ra th ix ” of the
Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ póntiké ” or “ skuthion ” or “ athipson : ” the living
plant is mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna: G. glabra was observed by Forskal in the gardens of
Egypt, according to CIot-Bey long known there; by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent and seemingly
wild from Crete to the Peloponnesus, its pods sometimes scabrous; is termed “ g, siliquosa vel
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