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cultivation by the natives by W. Wood, R. Williams, and Josselyn; is known to have been cultivated
throughout our Middle and Southern States ; aud by the natives in the West Indies, as appears from
Dalechamp pl. 616, and was seen by Chanvalon on Martinique (Poiret diet. nat. xi. 234). Trans“
considered by the natives as a valuable medicine” — (Pursh): the red-fruited variety growing
according to Hooker from Hudson’s Bay to 60° on the Rocky mountains, according to A. Gray from
‘■New England to Penn, and Wisconsin;” observed by Lapylaie at 51° on Newfoundland; by
myself, as far South as 42° along the Atlantic ; and by Me Ewen, at Sacketts Harbor on Lake
Ontario. The white-fruited variety, by myself along the Atlantic as far North as 43° ; by Conrad at
40° ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina (Chapm.) ; and according to A. Gray is “ more
common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky ; ” was received by Hooker from Lake
Huron. Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pl. 77.
Dental ia diphylla of the Alleghanies and affluents of the Ohio and St. Lawrence. Its pungent
roots from early times “ used by the natives instead of mustarcL” — (Pursh) ; observed by Michaux
from the Alleghanies of Carolina to Tennessee ; by Pursh, “ in shady beech-woods, on high mountains,
Pennsylvania to Carolina ; ” by Drummond, on the Alleghanies and at St. Louis, was received
by Hooker from Lake Huron ; and according to A. Gray, grows from “ Maine to Kentucky.”
Psoralea esculenta of the Upper Missouri. The bread-root of the native tribes, from early times
eaten either crude or cooked, and stored besides “ for winter use (Ph. and Nutt.) : observed by
Lewis and Clark “ on the banks of the Missouri ; ” by Bradbury and Nuttall, “ a few miles from St.
Louis ” on high hills near the Merimek, also “ on the elevated plains of the Missouri,” and called by
Canadian boatmen “ pomme de prairie.”
Galium tinctorium of Northeast America. From early times used by the native tribes to “ dye
their feathers, porcupine quills, and other ornaments, of a beautiful red”—(Ph. and Nutt.): the
plant does not seem well known to botanists, but is regarded as distinct from G. trifidum by Linnæus,
Decandolle, and Pursh ; was observed by Torrey as far North as 41° on the Hudson ; by Schweinitz,
at 36° in Upper Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky.
Bidens bipinnata of North America. A weed called Spanish needles (A. Gray), known to the
native tribes from early times : — observed by Torrey as far North as Lat. 41“ ; by myself, multiplying
in clearings and cultivated ground in our Middle States; by Schweinitz, and Elliot, in Carolina; by
Chapman, in “ cultivated grounds common ; ” by Baldwin, as far as 29° in Florida ; by Short, at Lexington
in Kentucky; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas. By European colonists, was carried
Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, observed by Blanco in two localities, but remaining
unknown to the natives ; is perhaps the “ agrimonia moluccana” of Rumphius vi. pl. 15, and “ b. Wallichii”
seen by Mason in Burmah, by Roxburgh in Hindustan, and by Graham “ a very common
annual” in the outskirts of Bombay: was also carried across the Atlantic to Guinea (fl. Nigr.).
Transported to Europe, is described by Zanoni 32 in 1675; somewhat later by Morison vi. pl. 7;
by Gouan, as growing in the open air ; and has since become a troublesome weed in the Tyrol
(A. Dec.).
Solanum nigrum of North America and the West Indies, A low herb with black nauseous
inedible berries, known as a weed from early times : —was in New England before 1670, as appear.s
from Josselyn ; observed by myself along the Atlantic in waste and cultivated ground from Lat. 43°
to 33°; by Chapman, from “ Florida to Mississippi;” by Nuttall, along the Arkansas and the Missouri
to its source ; was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan and Hudson’s Bay ; and observed
by niyself on the banks of the LIpper Sacramento prior to visits of settlers. In the West Indies, vvas
received by Torrey from Key West; and the “ yerua mora’o solatrum” supposed by Oviedo to be
identical with that of Spain, may be compared. By European colonists, S. nigrum was carried to
Bermuda (Baldw.) ; to Britain, observed by Josselyn, and the garden nightshade ox petty morel (Prior)
having according to Lindley the berries “ black; ” also to Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 460, and Fries 16.
See S. miniatum).
Aristolochia serpentaria oi Northeast America. The Virginia snake-root, ixom early times “ so
very higlily ” esteemed by the native tribes, — and subsequently by the colonists (Ph.) : observed by
Catesby i. pl. 29 in Virginia ; by Chapman, from “ Florida to Mississippi ; ” by Elliot, in South Carolina;
by Croom, near Newbern ; by Darlington, frequent at 40° on the Brandywine ; by Torrey, as
far as 41° on the Hudson ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, in Arkansas ; and according to A. Gray,
grows from “ Connecticut to Indiana,” Transported to Europe, is described by Gerarde 848, and
Plukenet phyt. pl. 223 f. 2 and aim. p. S3 ; and continues in medicinal use “ as a stimulant, tonic,
diaphoretic, and in certain cases as an antispasmodic and anodyne ” (Lindl.).
Panicum capillare of the Hawaiian Island.s ? A coarse annual grass, from early times known
as a weed in Northeast America: — observed by Michaux 48; by myself, frequent in waste and
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
ported to Europe, is termed “ cucumis turcicus” by Fuchsius in 1,542 (Dalech.); from 1561 was
cultivated by J. Bauhin hist. Ü. 224 (A. Dec.) ; is described also by Dodoens, and Lobel, soon becom-
ino- an agricultural product throughout middle and Southern Europe ; was observed by Chaubard
abluidantly cultivated in the Peloponnesus; by Delile, and Ciot-Bey, m Egypt, called there “ kara
mocrrebi” Western gourd. By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa, and thence to
Hindustan, where vegetable marrow was found by Graham “ in gardens Bombay, not very common ,
a n d “ C. verrucosa,” regarded as a variety, to Japan (Thunb.).
Helianthus annuus of Northwest America. The sunflower called in Mexico “ chnnalatl and
known there from early times (Humb. iv. 9) ; also from early times cultivated in our Atlantic
States, —as appears from the figures accompanying Harlot’s account of the Roanoke (De Bry 1. 14
and pi. 20) ; the custom of planting the sunflower among maize adopted by colonists as far as Northern
New Enriand In Europe, H. annuus was first made known through a description sent by Cortusi
to Matthioli and published in 1568; is described somewhat later by Dodoens, Monardes, and
Gerarde, now becoming well known in gardens ; was observed by Forskal at Constantinople ; by him,
Delile, and Ciot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt; and by Roxburgh, and Graham, in the gardens of
Hindustan. „ 1 ■
H e l ia n th u s tube ro sus of North America. The “ girasole” ox J e ru sa lem a rticho ke , called in
French “ topinambour” (Nugent), in Spanish “ pataca” (Herrera agr,), known in New England from
early times : — Gookin coll. 3 found the natives mixing “ Jerusalem artichokes ” in their pottage : its
cultivation, adopted by the colonists, has been observed by myself as far as the border of Canada, the
plant sometimes escaping and springing up spontaneously ; FI. tuberosus was observed by Chapman
“ commonly cultivated” also in our Southern States; but was not met with by Humboldt ii. 473 in
Mexico, nor in any of the Spanish colonies, nor by Martius in Brazil (A. Dec.). Transported to
Europe,’ was seen by Columna ecphr. ii. 11 in 1616 in the Farnèse garden ; is termed “ battatas canadensis’’
by Parkinson, becoming now an object of agriculture, sometimes escaping but hardly naturalized
(A. Dec.) ; was observed by Ciot-Bey, recently introduced into Egypt ; by Gerarde, about
Sabathoo on the Himalayas and called “ kuchaloo” or -‘ pinaloo” (Edin. journ. sc. ix. 235), by Lush,
“ cultivated in Deccan gardens ” and thriving “ remarkably well ” (Graham).
Catalpa bignonioides of our Gulf States. The catalpa or caiawba tree, known from early times,
and supposed to have been brought Northward by the Creeks and Cherokees ( . . . . ) : observed
by Nuttall clearly indigenous in Alabama ; by Chapman, on ‘- river-banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward.”
Farther North, by Catesby i. pl. 29, Walter, and Elliot, in Carolina; by myself, planted for
ornament as far as 43° along the Atlantic. Transported to Europe, was observed by A. Decandolle
flowering in the open air at Geneva in Switzerland; is known to be planted in Italy (Lindl.) ; and
according to Ciot-Bey has recently been introduced into Egypt.
Carya olivoeformis oi the Lower Mississippi and Texas. T h e pecan hickory hnown Irom early
times, and oil to season their “ sagamitty” with, made from its nuts “ pacannes” by the native tribes
of Lo’uisiana — (Bossu trav. 349)? the walnuts West of the Mississippi were found by De Soto 23 to
24 soft shelled, like unto acorns, and stored by the natives (soc. Hackl.) : C. olivæformis was known
to Walter (Pers ) ; was observed by Chapman on “ river-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward;”
by Darby, from Natchitoches to the Rio Colorado of Te.xas ; by Nuttall in Arkansas; by
F. A. Michaux, from the St. Francis river in Arkansas to Illinois, and along the Mississippi to about
Lat. 42° ; by Long’s e.xpedition, as far as 41° ; by myself, on the Low'er Ohio ; and by Short, in Kentucky.
Transported to Europe, is described by Aiton, and Gaertner ; and pecan nuts have become a
well-known article of commerce.
Amaranthus retrojlexus of Mexico and the iinwooded central portion of North America. A
coarse weed known to the natives from early times :—received by Moquin from Mexico ; observed
by Nuttall along the Arkansas: by Chapman, in “ cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward;” by
Short, in Kentucky; by myself, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from Philadelphia to about
44'’ in New England. From New England, according to Ray. was carried to Europe ; is termed “ a.
maximus Novæ Angliæ totus viridis” by Zannichelli in 1735, “ a. spicatus” by Lamarck in 177S, has
since become a weed throughout middle Europe from France to Silesia, the pest of the gai dens according
to Bieberstein in Southern Russia as far as the Ukraine (.-\. Dec.) ; was observed by Sestini at
Constantinople, by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. “ A. liybridus ” as well as “ A. chlorostacliys ”
are regarded by A. Gray as perhaps not distinct.
cultivated ground in New England and our Middle States ; by Chapman, in “ sandy fields, Florida,
and northward; ” by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; is known to occur on Jamaica (Pers.); and was
received by Kunth from Montevideo, Transported to Europe, is described by Linnæus, and Retz
obs. iii. 9; and was observed by Balbi springing up spontaneously near Nice (Dec.). This or a
species much resembling it was observed by myself indigenous on the Hawaiian Islands.
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