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grows according to Watson in perhaps every county in Scotland ; according to A. Decandolle, at the
altitude of “ 7500 feet ” on the mountains of Switzerland; was observed by Savi on the Appenines;
by Bieberstein, on the upper portion of Caucasus; by Soujef, at the mouth of the Obi (Pall. trav.
iv. 34) ; by Gmelin, from the Yenisei to Kamtchatka; by Chamisso, in Kamtchatka, at Bering’s
Straits, and on Unalaska. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; is known to grow in Greenland as far
as 71° (Wats.) ; was observed by Parry in Arctic America; by Michaux, on the seashore of Canada;
by myself, on the Lower St. Lawrence and near the sea-level along the Atlantic as far as 45° on
Mount Desert, also on the alpine portion of the White mountains ; and was brought by Long’s Second
Expedition from the country around the sources of the Mississippi.
“ 1333 A. D. = ‘ youan-toung,’ ist year of Chun-ti III., of the Youan” or Twenty-second
dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ Sept, I2th ” (Ebn B. 12 to 14, and Yule cath. 404), Ebn Batuta after returning to Egypt, crossing
the Mediterranean and Black Sea, journeying near the “ mountains of the Russians, Christians
with red hair and blue eyes ugly and perfidious,” and as far North as Bulgar on the Wolga, where he
heard of dog-sledges used in the “ Land of darkness forty days” distant, accompanying sultan Mohammed
Uzbek to Astrachan. proceeding thence to Bokhara and the city of Balkh “ since its destruction
by Jenghiz Khan remaining in ruins,” arriving at the Indus. He continued on to Kabul, the
Punjab Desert, and reached Delhi while the sultan was engaged in re-peopling it (his attempt to
transfer the inhabitants and seat of government to Dowlatabad having failed, accordmg to Elphinstone).
One hundred and sixty-ninth generation. May ist, 1334, onward mostly beyond youth ; the Persian
writer Sultan Aly of Korassan wr, 1334 (Ainsl.) : the Jewish writers, Abraham de^ Kaslar, Bon-
godas Cohen. Emanuel ben Jacob, Aaron ben Elia, Levi ben Gerson, Moses Narboni, Joseph ben
David Jewani, Immanuel of Rome, Matatja ben Moses: the Arab writer Ebn Khaldun: the Greek
writers. Matthaeus Blastaris d. 1335, Armenopulus d. after 1330, Nicephorus Gregoras d. after 1359,
Nicolaus Cabasilas, Gregorius Palamas d, after 1351, Barlaam, Nilus of Rhodes, Leontius Pilatus,
Petrus Bertranclus, Landulphus Carthusianus, Simon de Cassia, Richardus Radulphus, Astesanus
Astensis, John Cenobarba, Guy de Chauliac: the scholastic theologians, William Occam, Monaldus
Dalmata, Nicolaus de Lyra, Pelagius Alvarus, Petrus Paludanus. Guido Carmelita, Adamus Goddam,
Toanues de Bacone, Thomas Argentinensis, Richardus Armachanus, Nicolaus de Gorram, Alphonsus
Vargas, Robertus Holcot, and Gregorius Ariminensis ; Jean de Roquetaillade (Pouchet) : the botanist
Bartholomew Glanville : the painter Stefano il Florentino d. 1350-
“ Dec. 20th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Joannes X X II. succeeded by James Fournier, now Benedictus
X L , fortv-first pope.
“ Tlie same vear” (Crawfurd vii. 11), the island of Machian conquered by the people of Ternate.
“ In the first half of the Fourteenth century” (Pouchet), the composition of potter's varnish first
described by Pierre le bon de Lombardie.
“ 1337 A. D. (= 1997th of Synmu,” art de verif.), Daigo II. succeeded by Ono-mio, younger
brother of Kouo-gien, and now dairo of Japan. — He reigned two years, or according to other accounts
“ twelve.”
“ Beginning of June” (Blair), the first comet whose course is described with astronomical exactness,
Nicephorre Gregoras being the observer. (Enumerated by J. R. Hind, and Humboldt cosm. i. i,
among those whose orbit is known from Chinese observations.)
“ 1338 A. D.” (Crawf. vii. 11), in Java, building of the magnificent Buddhist templé of Boro
Budur.
“ In this year” (Yule cath. 313), arrival of envoys bearing a letter from the Chinese emperor to
the pope, requesting his blessing and the frequent exchange of messengers. In his reply dated
Oct. 31st in the “ fourth ” year of his papacy, Benedict XI. commences. We although unworthy “ locum
Dei tenemus in terris.” He appointed legates in return, including John de’ Marignolli, — who reached
the court of Uzbek on the Volga “ in 1339,” Armalec in Central Asia “ in 1340,” and Pekin in China
“ in 1342” (an event noted also in the Chinese annals). After remaining “ three year.s,” John cle’
Marignolli proceeded South through China, and embarking at Zayton not earlier than “ Dec. 26th
1346,” returned by sea, by the way of tlie island of Saba South of the Ecjuator, and Ceylon.
“ 1339 A. D.” (Alst.), at Spires, an assembly of electors, dukes, bishops, counts, and the most
learned in divine and human affairs ; convened by the emperor Louis II. Bavarus. Against the tjianny
of the pope.
“ In this year” (Yule cath. 281), through unprofitable dealings with Edward III. of Englanü
failure of the Bardi of Florence, having extensive commercial relations with the Eastern countries.
Pegolotti, a factor in their employ, writing commercial directions, especially in regard to Constantinople
and the trade overland between the Black Sea and China.
Laurus caryophyllus of Anam. The imported f I S t u C h i dl g h e r O f K n l mentioned by
783
Pegolotti — (Yule cath. 305) may be compared : clove twigs, such as are imported into the Arab countries,
were seen by Ebn Batuta in the Malayan archipelago ; and L. caryophyllus, by Loureiro i. 308
growing in Anam. The “ canelle giroflée,” clove-cinnamon, is said in Trévoux diet, to be the inner
bark of the “ noix giroflée,” a tree of Madagascar (Yule 473).
“ 1340 A. D. (= 741 A. H.” of Ferisht, Elph.), the Muslim Empire in Hindustan having reached
its farthest limits, Bengal about this lime revolted under a Muslim officer, and was never again subdued.
Coromandel almost immediately followed, ancl with ecpial success ;= and four years later,
Telingana and Carnata.
“ About June 23d” (Blair), near Helvoetsluys, the French defeated in naval combat with
Edward III. of England.
In this year (= “ 14th of Edward I I I .,” Fabyan, chron. lond. 57, and Skeat ed. P. Plowm.),
nobles coined, the beginning of “ the series of English gold coins.” — They “ continued the only gold
coin till the angels of Edward IV., 1465.”
“ The same year ” (Nicol), a synod at Saltzburg. A priest was degraded.
“ In this year” (Garc. cle la Vega), Viracocha succeeded by Pachacutec, now ninth Inca of Peru.
— He reigned “ fifty, or according to some sixty years” (addit. art de verif.).
Many sayings of the Inca Pachacutec have been preserved, and among them, that “ He who
attempts to count the stars, not even knowing how to count the marks and knots of the quipus, ought
to be held in derision ” — (Bias Valera, and G, de la Vega vi. 36).
Bombax (Eriodendron) anfractuosum of Eastern Equatorial America. A large tree called in
Brazilian “ zaamonna” (Piso), and known from early times : *—observed in Brazil by Piso ; by Jacquin
am. pl. 176, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies, but no Carib name given, and according to
Macfadyen i. 93 is readily propagated by stakes placed in the ground. By European colonists was
carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become well known and is called
in Pampango “ bulac castila,” in Tagalo “ boboi,” in Bisaya “ doldol ; ” to the neighbouring islands
(Rumph. i. pl. 80) ; to Burmah, “ exotic ” but “ often planted, and the floss ” on the seed preferred to
that of the indigenous cotton-trees (Salmalia) ; to Hindustan, called in Bengalee “ shwet-shimool,” in
Tamil “ elavum,” in Malabar “ pania” or “ paniala,” in Telinga “ poor,” in Hindustanee “ huttian”
(Drur.), observed by Rheede iii pl 50 in Malabar, by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other
parts of the peninsula, by Graham “ in gardens Bombay,” but according to Auld seemingly “ wild in
Kandesh ” and called “ shameula ; ” to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by myself planted on
Zanzibar, by Grant in “ 7“ 27' S. and 2° N.” on the Nile, and called “meesoofee.”
Copaifera Jacquini of the West Indies. An Amyroid tree yielding copaiva balsam, known from
early times : —observed in the West Indies by Jacquin am. pl. 86, and Descourtilz, but no Carib name
given. The imported drug according to Lindley is “ an acrid, bitter, nauseous liquid resin with stimu-
* lonidium poaya of the unwooded portion of Interior Brazil. Suffruticose and very shaggy, its
root from early times taken as emetic : — observed by A. Saint-Hilaire rem, 308 in the Westerirparts
of Minas Geraes and elsewhere, its roots substituted for true ipecacuanha, and called “ poaya do
campo ” (Lindl).
lonidium brevicaule of Brazil. An allied species from early times used for an emetic; the
powdered bark of the root is rubbed up with sugar and milk: observed by Martius med. pl. 8
(Lindl).
lonidium uriicaefolinm of Brazil. Also from early limes used for an emetic; — observed by
Martius med. pl 4 aud 9.(Lindl).
Cassia hirsuta of Brazil Called there “ fedegozo” (Lindl), and known from early times: —
observed by Martius. From transported specimens, described by the younger Linnæus suppl. 231
Cassia falcata of Brazil. Known there from early times : —ob.served by Martius (Lindl). From
trarnsported specimens, described by Linnæus hort. cliff. 159 (Pers.).
Acacia niopo of Eastern Equatorial America. A tree called “ niopo” by the Guahibos of the
Orinoko, “ parica ” by the Muras and other tribes on the Upper Amazon (Spmce) ; and from early
times its seeds roasted, pulverized, and used as stimulant narcotic snuff : —observed by R. Spruce
(Mark. edit. Ciez. p. 341).
Brazil “ periparaba” (Lincll), and from early times its roots used medicinally: — observed in Brazil by
Martius trav, ii. 93 ; by Plumier pl. 73, and Swartz, in the West Indies (Pers ); described also by
Humboldt and Bonpland n. g. i. 59.
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