by Ruel ii. 149: D. barbatus is termed “ lychnis monachorum hort.” by Gesner 266 (Spreng.) ; is a
well known garden-flower throughout Europe, and was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople
; is said to grow wild in c'arniolia and Germany (Scop., and Pers.). By European colonists
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite in gafoens. _ The “ tol-me-neer of
Lyte ii. 7, or “ tolmeiner” or “ colmenier” of other English herbalists, is a variety (Prior).
Silene armeria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual called in Greece “ luh-
nôëithës ” (Sibth ), and known from early times : — termed “ lychnis viscosa purpurea latifolia lævis ”
by Tournefort inst. 335, and known to grow in sunny situations from Denmark throughout middle
Europe (fl Dan. pl. 55g, Engl. bot. pl. 1398, and Lam. fl. fr.) ; observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus
to mount Athos. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by
A Gray “ escaped from gardens to waste places, rare.”
Lathyrus aphaca of middle Asia. Called in Greece “ pnigia” or “ mpavoulia” (Fraas) or “ agri-
ovavouli ” or “ agriôlathôuri ” (Sibth.), and known there as early probably as this date : — observed by
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in grain-fields from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek
islands ; ’by Delile, about Cairo ; by S. Th. Gmelin trav., around the Caspian ; and by Wallich, under
cultivation in Hindustan (Wight and Arn.). Westward from Greece, is described by Dodoens p. 545,
and Lobel ii. pl. 70; is termed “ aphaca” by Tournefort inst. 399, “ 1. segetum” by Lamarck fl. fr. ;
was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Brotero in Portugal, and has become a common “ field-plant” as
far as Britain (Pers , and Lindl.). Its seeds according to Lindley “ are served sometimes at table”
while “ young and tender,” but “ if eaten abundantly in the ripe state” are “ narcotic, producing
. excessive headach.” . /-» tt i i 55 'Mifolium stellatum of the Mediterranean countries. Annual, called in Greece alaplya
(Sibth.), and known from early times ; —observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete
and the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople. Westward, is described by Tournefort mst.
405 ; and is known to grow a'long fields and waysides in Carniolia, Italy, Sicily, and Southern France
(Stiirm, and Pers.). In Britain (Engl, bot, pl. 1545), is clearly exotic, but has established itself near
ballast-heaps at Shoreham (Wats. cyb. i. 297, and A. Dec.). ^ j
Galium tricorne of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Greece “ kolugitha (Sibth.), and
known from early times ; — termecl “ aparine semine lævi ” by Tournefort inst. 114, “ galium spurium ”
by Hudson, “ valantia triflora” by Lamarck fl. fr., “ v. tricornis ” by Roth, and Bieb. (Steud.); and
known to occur in cultivated ground throughout middle and Southern Europe (Pers., and A. Dec.) ;
was already in Britain in the'days of Ray (Engl. bot. pl. 1641) ; was observed by Vaillant pl. 4 near
Paris; by Gussone in Sicily; by Moris in Sardinia; but “ in 1847” continued unknown m Algeria
(Muniry). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground on Zacynthus and in continental
Greece ; by Grisebach, in meads in Thrace ; and is to all appearance wild at Baku and on the Talysch
mountains (Hohen., and C. A. Mey.). _
Valeriana (Centranthus) rubra of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece analatos
(Sibth.), and known from early times described by Morison vii. pl. 14, and Tournefort inst. 131,
and known to grow on the Atlas mountains (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the
mountains of the Peloponnesus. In Britain, has been long cultivated, and Ray’s silence may be from
his considering it an outcast from gardens ; “ in 1805 ” the plant was found by J. E. Smith seemingly
wild in chalk-pits in Kent, and is at present more or less naturalized in twenty to twenty-five counties
(Wats., Bromf., and A, Dec.) ; probably naturalized also on the neighbouring portion of the continent,
where according to Persoon it occurs in waste places.
Skerardia arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ sherard s
ort” (Linn.) in Greece “ prôbatôhôrtôn ” or “ spërôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.), and known from early times: —
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, irequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
throuriiout the Greek islands. Westward, is termed “ rubia jiarva flore cæruleo se spargens
by Bauhin hist. iii. 719, and is known to occur in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe
(C. Bauhin pin. 334, Tourn, inst. 114, fl. Dan. pl. 439, Curt. lond. v. pl. 13, and Pers.). , „ , „
Leontodon hispidum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called m Greece “ papathoula
(Sibth ) and known from early times : — termed “ hieracium caule aphyllo hirsutum ” by Bauhm hist. 11.
1037 “ ’dens leonis foliis hirsutis et asperis” by Tournefort inst. 468, and known to grow in meads
throèghout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 127, Vail act. 1721, Curt. lond. v. pl. 5^ a £ Peys.fo
obserèed by Linnæus in Sweden, frequent as far as Scania; bySibthorp, and Chaubard, from the
Peloponnesus to mount Athos. „ , _ ,, „ 1 Conyza Candida of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Crete “ psullohorton (Sibth.). ancl
known from eariy times : - described by Anguillara 286 (Spreng.), termed “ c. verbasci foliis serratis
by Tournefort inst. 455, and known to grow on Crete and the islands of the Adriatic (Barr. rar. pl. 217,
Wnlfen, and Pers.); observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in stony places from Crete to the Peloponnesus
; by Boccone vi. pl. 3C Sicily.
Carduus tenuiflorus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. ^ A thistle called in Greece
“ phithagkathbs ” (Fraas), and known from early times : — observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas,_ frequent
in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed “ c. acanthoides ” by Tournefort inst. 440 ;
known to occur along roadsides and in waste ground as far as Britain (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 55,
An annual called in Greece
in
and is
and Pers.).
Specularia speculum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia,
“ a»ria goulia” (Sibth.), and known from early times ; —described by Dodoens pempt. 168 f., termed
“ crarvensis erecta” by Tournefort inst. 112, and known to occur in cultivated ground througliout
Europe fA. Dec. 523 and 759): observed by Forskal in meads near Marseilles; by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek isfands.
Euphorbia palustris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A spurge called m Greece
“ phlômôs” (Sibth.), in Sweden “ wargmiolk” (Linn.), and from early times employed medicinally :- -
termed “ tithymalus palustris fruticosus” by C. Bauhin pin. 292, and Tournefort inst. 87, “ t. maximus
oelandicus ” by Rudbeck hort. 109, and known to grow from Sweden to the Mediterranean (Bulliard
fr. pl. 87, and Pers ) : observed by Rudbeck, and Linnæus, in marshy meads in Sweden, its root
sold in the drug-shops under the name of “ esulæ rad.” ; by Sibthorp, growing in the marshes of Greece
and the Greek islands.
Siernbergia lutea of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece ‘ agrio krino or agno
lalës ” (Sibth.) as early probably as this date : — observed there and on the Greek islands by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, said to tint the mountains yellow late in the autumn ; known to grow also in Thrace
(Pers.). Westward, termed “ colchicum Iuteum majus ” by C. Bauhin pin. 60 ; “ lilio-narcissus luteus
autumnalis major” by Tournefort inst. 386 ; and known to grow in Italy and Spain (Pers.).
Ophrys apifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bee-flower or bee-
orchis (Prior), in Greece “ sa'rkinôvôtani ” (Sibth.), and known from early times :—described by
Fuchsius 559 (Spreng.); termed “ orchis fucum referens major foliolis superioribus candidis et purpurascentibus
” by Tournefort inst. 433, and known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe
(Engl. bot. pl. 383, and Pers.) ; was observed by Tenore in Italy ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent
in the Peloponnesus. , - . „ „„-i 1 \ j Ophrys tenthredinifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Cyprus “ köns ^ (Sibth,), and
known from early times ;—termed “ orchis orientalis calyptra purpurea petalo inferiori atro-purpura-
scente scuto ferri equini forma” by Tournefort cor. 30; and observed by Sibthorp and Chaubard,
from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, was observed by Tenore in Italy; by Desfontaines
ii. 320 in Barbary. ^
A llium rotunaum of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of wild leek called on Cyprus ag£
prason” (Sibth.), and known from early times ; — described by Clusius hist. 1. pl. 195, termed “ a.
montanum capite rotundo ” by Tournefort inst. 3S4, and known to grow in Southern Europe (Pers ) ;
observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. _
A liu m subhirsuium of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ lukortha or agno
prason” (Sibth.), and known from early times :—termecl “moly” by Montigiano (Targ.), mentioned
also by Matthioli comm. 544 (Spreng.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in Greece
from the Peloponnesus to Crete and Cyprus ; by in Egypt. Westward, is termed “ a. angustifolium
umbellatum flore albo etiam flore carneo” by Tournefort inst. 385, and is known to grow in
Italy and Spain (Pers.).
A llium chaiiiae-moly of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ kalamologhe (Sibth.),
and known from early times : — observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus. Westward, described by Columna
ecphr. pl. 326, termed “ a. humilius folio gramineo” by Tournefort inst. 385, and known to grow in
Spain (Pers.) ; was observed by Desfontaines i. 288 in Algeria, by Cavanilles iii. pl. 207 in Spam. _
Lycoperdon bovista of Northern climates. Called in V,x\\am fuss-balls oxfist-balls ox bull-fist, in
France “ vesse,” in medieval Latin “ bovista” — (Prior), in Greece “ alëpôpôurthi ” (Sibth.) : L. bovista
is termed “ 1. vulgare” by Tournefort inst. 563 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle
and Northern Europe (Bulliard herb. fr. pl. 447, and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp
frequent in the Peloponnesus.
After continual eruptions for seven or eight years and “ fourteen years before the invasion ot
Huayna Capac son of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui” (tradition among the natives of the highlands of
Quito, Humb. cosm. v.), falling in of the dome of Capac-Urcu, a volcano previously higher than
Chimborazo. .
“ 1462 A. D.” (G. de la Vega), the hill of Potosi examined for silver by the Inca Huayna Capac,
but the search interrupted by subterranean noises (interpreted as prohibitory words).
“ In this year” (Talvi ii. i), bv Ivan Vasilievitch I I I , often called Ivan I., the Russians delivered
from the bondage of the Tartars. He also “ united Novogorod with his own princedom of
Moscow.”
ffi;«
■In
feta
p-
.^1*
T ffi"
I