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MattliioH “ creutzbeer,” in France “ groseille ” (Prior) or by Dodoens “ groisseletz” (A. D ec.), in
Brittany “ spezad ” (Legonid.), in Greece “ lagokSrasia ” (Sibth.): the B Q T Z h N a 0 A& ThC
A q T IN IA O C K a p r rO C o fD e alim. [3 — may be compared : also the “ ribes ” growing according
to Serapion on the cold snowy mountains of Syria and bearing berries sweet to the taste with some
acidity (Isaac, and Ort. San. 392) : R. uva-crispa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the
mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, in its cultivated form in the gardens of Constantinople.
Westward, is described by Ruellius p. 283, and Dodoens p. 74S ; is termed “ grossularia
simplici acino vel spinosa sylvestris” by Tournefort inst. 639; is known to grow wild in France and
throughout Northern Europe (Schmidel pl. i, Pers., Dec. fl. fr., and Ledeb. fl. ross.); and was already
cultivated in the days of Matthioli p. 135. By European colonists, its cultivated form “ R. grossularia”
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens, lingering and producing only
inferior fruit.
“ 680 A. D .” (art de verif.), Mu’awiyah succeeded by Yezid, second Ommiad khalif.
“ Oct. lo th ” (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 311), Husein, son of Ali, slain in battle at Kerbela
in Babylonian Irak.
“ Nov. 7th ” (A lst, and Nicol.), Sixlh general ecclesiastical Connell. Convened at Constantinople,
against the Monothelites. Marriage among the clergy was sanctioned. — The authority of
this Council continues to be recognized by the Greek church (E . A. Soph.).
“ 681, Jan. 9 th ” (N icol.), in a synod at Toledo, king Wamba’s renunciation of the throne
confirmed.
The same year ( = “ tenth year of Tenmu,” art de verif., see also Jap. centen. comm. 49), copper
discovered in Japan ; silver money prohibited, and putjes of copper and bronze substituted. The
empire about the same time divided into sixty-six provinces.*"
“ 6S3 A. D .” (art de verif.), Yezid succeeded by Mu’awiyah II., third Ommiad khalif.
“ The same year ” (A lst.), at Rome, Agatho succeeded by Leo the younger, fifteenth archbishop.
“ Towards the close of the Seventh century” (quart, rev. for 1870), Anglo-Saxon version of
Scriptural narratives by Caedmon, a monk residing “ in the convent of Streaneshalch (Whitby),” and,
regarded as the “ father of English poetry.”
“ 684 A. D . = ‘ sse-tching,’ ist year of Tchoung-tsoung ; ” his mother Wou-heou being the real
ruler — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Mu’awiyah II. succeeded by Merwan, fourth Ommiad khalif.
“ The same year ” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo the younger succeeded by Benedict the
younger, sixteenth archbishop.
“ 685 A. D .” (art de verif.), Merwan succeeded by Abd-el-Melek, fifth Ommiad khalif. In tlie
reign of Abd-el-Melek (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 541), a nilometer constructed at Helwan (near the
present city of Cairo).
Oman, hitherto nominally under the authority of the khalifs, its subjection undertaken by Plajjaj
governor of Irak. — After various futile attempts by his generals, he succeeded ; the defeated brothers
Suleiman and Said, descendants of the Azdite Julanda, taking refuge in Zanj. The earliest emigration
on record of Oman Arabs to the East coast of Africa (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. xiii
and 5).
The Greek physician Theodocus or Tiaduk in the service of Hajaj Ibn Y usuf— (Ebn Osaibi’ah
vii. 5, Abu-l-Faraj, and Sm. b. d.).
The “ burak ” considered Armenian by Tiaduk (Theodocus), — mentioned also by Ishak Ben
Amran, Mahmed Ben Hasan, Jlsch Ben Hasan, Mosih, Avicenna, «Edrisi, Ebn Wafid, Serapion,
Madschul, and Ebn Baitar, or “ borad” of the Persians, is referred by J. de Sousa to borax or borate
of soda. Farther East, this salt is mentioned by the Sanscrit medical writer Susrutas (F . Adams) ;
and was ascertained by Saunders and Turner to be procured from a lake in Thibet. More recently,
borax is said to be artificially manufactured in the Mediterranean countries ; and has been procured
in large quantities from a lake in California.
Gnaphalium leontopodiHvi of Switzerland and the Pyrenees. The “ koines elbahri ” of Tiaduk,
— alid Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : G. leontopodium is described by Matthioli p.
828 (Spreng.) ; i.s termed “ filago stellata” by Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow on the alpine
portion of Switzerland and the Pyrenees (Pers., and Steud.)
“ The same year” (A lst., and N icol.), at Rome, Benedictus the younger succeeded by Joannes
the fifth, seventeenth archbishop.
* Erythronium “grandifloriim ” of Japan. From early times, a kind of starch called “ kata-kuri ”
made there “ of the root of a kind of'dog’s-tooth violet ” — (see Jap. centen. comm. 34 and 110).
“ In this year ( _ loth year ofthe Gothic king R icisvintus” of the addit. to chron. Isidor., see
Clmt. V. p. 399), Ildefonsus appointed bishop of Toledo.
“ September” (A lst., and Sm. b. d.), Constantinus IV. succeeded by Justinianus Byzantine emperor. II., nineteenth
Arculf visiting Jerusalem, found on the site of the temple a square Muslim house of prayer; of
beams and planks erected in a rough manner upon some remains of old ruins : wliile at Damascus a
large mosque had been built by the Muslims (said to be a Christian church on the foundations of a
Roman temple to Juno, Leps. eg. and sin. p. 343). Proceeding to Egypt, Arculf speaks of A lexandria
as a very large city, m a manner the emporium of the whole world ; the pharos being a large
tower lighted up at night with torches, lest mariners might mistake their way and be dashed against
the rocks in seeking the entrance to the harbour. Arculf also visited Constantinople, and the church
ol St. Sophia there, of which he gives a detailed description (T . Wright early trav, in Palest.).
“ 6 0 A. D .” (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes the fifth succeeded by Conon, eighteenth archbishop.
^ year” (ann. Jap. transl., and art de verif.), Tenmu succeeded by his widow and
bnrieecwee dD. sito or Si-to, now forty-first dairo of Japan. — Under her reign, sakki or rice-beer was first
‘‘688 A. D .j’ (A lst.), at Rome, Conon succeeded by Sergius, nineteenth archbishop.
“ 692 A. D .” (NicoL), a synod convened in Britain by king Ina. “ For the union of the Britons
W i t h the Saxons.”
About this time (quart, rev 1870), the “ P salm s” translated into Anglo-Saxon by Guthlac or Guithlake, the first Saxon anchorite.
confi“rm69e3d,. May 2 d ” (N icol.), in a synod at Toled' o, the book of “ Gothic law, or the code of Alaric ’”
“ 694 A. D .” (N icol ), m a synod at Beaconsfield in England, promise of Vitred kin» of Kent
to preserve the liberties and immunities of the churches and monasteries.” ^
^^695 A. D. (Elph. iv. i), Manik Rai, eighth Hindu king of Ajmir, reigning.
off but his life spared by Lft'e o‘'n'1ti’ utsa®. '—'®“ N ineC oyneastrasn ltainteorp l“e ina n7d0 4J,u” shtien iraencuosv eirfe.d dheitsh raounthedor, ithyi.s nose cut
97 A. D .” ( 1357th of Synmu,” art de verif.), D sito succeeded by Monmu, grandson of
I enmu, and now “ forty-second ” dairo of Japan.
“ The same year ” (N ico l), a synod at Berkhampsted, the king and clergy being present,
wenty-eight canons were made, awarding temporal as well as spiritual punisliment
form Y rth teeteteJ '''' "‘5’ Presenting the following
fi A N iM year o fth e Hejra,” inscribed on a coin issued by Abd-el-Melek, and
guied by Marcel p. 34. By some writers, this is regarded as the earliest Muslim coin ■ but
accorclmg to Marcel, copper only had been coined by the Muslims until the reign of Abd-el-Melek-
who first coined silver, to the exclusion of Greek and Persian money.
Owing to the persecutions ol khalif Abd-el-Melek, Hashimid Arabs emigrated to Ceylon and
found a refuge there m eight different cities * — (trans. Asiat. i. 538, and Gildem. p. 53).
Fiom this year” m Britain, Eadfrith bishop of Lindisfarne — twenty-three years. A piece
of ornamental writing by Eadfrith, continues extant in the Durham book (Cockayne anglo-sax. ii. p . XXl).
“ 698 or 700 A. D .” (Gildemeist. 6, and Wilson note to Vishnu purana iv. 24). the Muslims
engapd in hostt ities against Ratbal or Ratibal prince of Cabul the Hindu Ratanpal or Ratnapal
0 the end of the Seventh century ” (Pouchet. moyen âge), Iceland discovered. — In “ 70? ”
anntae Usta ffs, .Yw ere found by the Kfi'r’™st' Sdceavnodteinesa vrieatnir evdis iitnotros (tsheies Risalafnn)d. Relics of hermits, as “ books
pnrreesbsy/Yter ,‘ tAe nf td/rfeta s of Crete ; Anthelmus, Bonifac1isut,s 7o0r1 ,V oennwofarridd ums oosft lMy abyeeynocned, thyeo umtho:n kM Oatrhcmelalirnuuss
a r ^®taS'»s succeeded by Joannes the sixth, twentieth archbishop.
704 A. D. (Beda, and Cockayne ni. p. 452), accession of Offa as king of Essex.
fn u 1 dichotoma of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. Regarded as tlie forbidden
luit by the natives of Ceylon ; who allege the fragrance of the flower, and that the beautiful tempt-
to q /te ri from delic,ous to poisonous on tlie occasion of the transgression, and continues
“ r i l l 1 -'Y' f - ° ‘5»®°»ta- P'®'™' '°®d. tract soc.). A small tree called “ titul ” or
on '1 1 T e taegfoded by Graham as probably identical, growin»
lfooumniHd b1 y tTew emtleo w" “teu seqd® ftoer cuarti nJgo osnoerre,s thoen fcloawtteler s; w” hditees carnibde fdr aaglrsaon tb, ya nRdo xab duercgohc tiiio. np .o f2 1t.he leaves