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258 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
the meridian of Alexandria, Blair), Seventh Babylonian eclipse o f the moon ■- “ two digits eclipsed on
m i c a u o sativa of Tartary. Called in Britain lucerne or medick (Prior), in Italy “ medira” or
has nea ly cea Id the plant is enumerated by CIot-Bey as introduced only recently under Mo r am ^ d
AH i r E g / T w h e r e iU s called “ bersym Heggiasy.” Westward the “ medtca ’ a « 0 c /H a t to n
in Italy are mentioned by Varrò, Virgil, Columella Hiny a « P>>l'adm0 St Gothard
man name “ luzerne ” indicates that the plant reached middle Europe by the Greek ot St Gotna
pass alross Switzerland : M. sativa is described by Bauhin hist. ti. p. 381 i is termed mefoca major
L e c t io r ” by Tournefort inst. 410; and is known to occur cultivated and naturfozed m Srodinia
Afoeriá Spain and throughout middle Europe (Ohv.de Serres, Moris, Munby, and W V s .).
/ ttvOTdUrOTr GUec’e, is known"to grow wild from Caucasus to Crohmere and throughoOT S t« rm
(Bieb Ledeb and Royle) ; has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec ) ; was obrorved by Gibson, and G.foam
“ culti’vated in the Deccan for feeding horses, also in Goozerat where it is coming fast into use. By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where though / U / t o A n ! ral
cultivation, and has even been found growing spontaneously (Dari., and A. Gray), also
"^ '"7 i q o T c ” (Herodot., and Clint,), the Second Persian Armament, command« by Datm and
Artaphales defeated by thè Athenians under Miltiades at Marathon. The tumulus erected over
fhe A f o e n M ^ ^ mentioned by Pausanias i. 32. 3, remains to the present day (Sm. geogr.
diet 1 Aeschylus’ fouo-ht at Marathon. Natives of Hindustan may have been in the 1 e r ^ n aimy,
t t t l o T meltioned by Aeschylus suppl. 2 8 1 . inthikos ” articles from Hmdustan are
t t f o r a t E u / o p " 'A species of healh called in Greero “ réké ” (Sibth.) ; in which we
U r l i ” S e r t e ® by ¿ I S r i S S T ' t r l e ^ S ' s S - J / -
rhpaner than summer honey. Westward, the “ mei ericaeum ” is described by Phny xi. 15 as or
h e r b á c e a w a s observed b y Sibthorp everywhere frequent in Greece. Westward, is terme 0 ^
cu ,„ tan . M io li! e r n i a " by Touroefcrt inat. 603 i anb ¡> known 10 grow as far North as M n . a -
co antr;... Called in G r.eee » Kntonñl.ñrlen » (Sibth.),
'“'Z Z Z Z t lZ Z Z C lle d in Britain
+ £ £ £ + ; : 1 6. 4, Hegesander, b , Luke x .li b as » « " f o i
With f o e “ m ó r é a ” b y D i o s c o r i d e s : M. n i g r a w a s r t s e r a e d b y ^ « ^ 0 5" / / ^ ® / / l e n d
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , b y C h a u b a r d u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n i n t h e P e l o p o n n e s ta , a n d J J / a o n t h o f t h e
“ S z S / S k t w ® t o t p S / d ® « o S a S toom foe Caspian,
Jl
was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called “ soo,” or usually
“ kuwa.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues sparingly
planted for its fruit; and “ in i’837 ” to Bombay (Graham). The bark according to Lindley “ said
to be cathartic and anthelmintic.”
Evonymus Europæus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sphidle-
tree or prickwood ov gadrise from “ being used to make skewers, shoemaker’s pegs, and goads,” in
.Germany “ pinnholtz” (Prior), in France “ fusain” (Fée), in Italy “ fusaro” or “ fus saggine ” or
“ evonimo” (Lenz ); and knowledge of foe tree seems implied in foe word “ ëuônumôs ” signifying
unlucky in Aeschylus prom. 488 : — the “ ëuônumôn” tree is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 13
as growing on mount Ordynnus in foe island of Lesbos, its flowers having the direful odour of blood,
fruit dividing in fours, and together with the leaves if eaten killing sheep and goats : E. Europæus
is known to grow in the environs of Constantinople, also about Caucasus, and as far as the Tobol
river in Siberia (Georgi, Ledeb., and A. Dec. p. 247). Westward, is described by Turner, Dalechamp,
and Miller ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle
Europe as far as Lat. 60° 15' on Aland in the Baltic (Lam. fl. fr., and A. Dec.).
Evonymus latifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Possibly the species in
question, — but agreeing better with the “ tëtragônia” of Theophrastus iii. 4. 2 to 6 ; E. latifolius
was observed by Sibthorp, Gittard, and Fraas, in woods on the Bithynian Olympus and other mountains
as far as Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Miller ; was observed by
Scopoli, and Lenz, in Italy; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. iii. pl. 289,
Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
“ 487 B. C. ( = 8 years before the Persian war,” Suid., and Sm. b. d.), Chionides exhibiting comedy
at Athens.
Saccharum Ravennoe of foe East Mediterranean countries. A reedy grass called in Greece
“ samaki ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize foe igAMAKI of Chionides, — Lysippus, Eratosthenes,
Julius Pollux, Hesychius, and Photius: S. Ravennæ is termed “ gramen paniculatum arundinaceum
ramosum panicula densa sericea ” by Tournefort inst. 523 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent in marshy ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople; and is known to grow
as far West as Italy (Zanon. i. pl. 24, and Pers.). Articles manufactured from this grass have
doubtless been sometimes carried to Egypt.
About fois time (Percev. i. 59), Abyan, a descendant of Himyar, ruling Yemen. — Near the
entrance to the Red Sea, he founded or restored the city of Aden, named after him “ Aden of Abyan.”
486 B. C. = “ 36th year of N tar ius” or Darius ; the latest date in his reign on the Egyptian
monuments (C. Mull fr. Man.). Before the close of this year ( = “ 4th year after the battle of Marathon
and the year before the death of Darius,” Herodot., and Clint.), revolt of the Egyptians against
the Persians.
“ The same y e a r ” ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Proculus Virginius Tricostus Rutilus and Sp.
Cassius Viscellinus consuls, and an agrarian law proposed by the latter. — In the following year, he
was condemned by the patricians and put to death.
“ 485 B. C .” (Euseb., and Clint.), Seventeenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Ere-
trians, the “ Empire of the sea,” or dominion over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean, acquired
by the Aeginetan Greeks. — Held by them until foe Invasion by Xerxes.
The same year = “ 5th year after foe battle at Marathon and five years before the Invasion of
G reece” (Herodot, and Clint.), Darius succeeded by Xerxes, fourth Persian emperor. The hieroglyphic
ovals of Hesirsa occur on rocks along the Kosser road ; and his name in cuneiform characters,
on an Egyptian vase (now in Paris, Glid. analect.).
As early probably as this year (Herodot. vii. i i i ) , an Oracle of Dionysus on mount Haemus
under the management of the Bessians of Thrace.
Tussilagofaifara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain coltsfoot or
cough-wort {Vr\or)f\n France “ pas d’â n e ” (Nugent), in Germany “ huflattich,” in Italy “ farfaro”
(Lenz), in Greece “ hamailëiikë ” (Sibth.); in which we recognize the “ vêhiôn ” or “ hamailëukë ”
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian “ saartha,” and the “ a s a ” of the Bessians — (by whom
Us alleviating power in asthma may have been discovered) : the “ vêhiôn ” is mentioned by Hippocrates
p. 400. 9, Moschion 123, by Dioscorides as having ivy-like leaves but larger green above and
white beneath, and a flower-stern quickly perishing; is identified by Ebn Baitar with the “ su a la ”
of Avicenna: T. farfara was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the
Peloponnesus to Constantinojfle ; is known to grow also in the Crimea, Persia, Siberia (Lindl.) ; and
dried 0 ussilago ” was found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt. Westward, the
‘ vehion” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ tôusilagô ” or “ pôustôulagô ” or “ pharpha-
riam ” of the Romans ; and the “ tussilago ” or “ farfarum ” or “ farfugium ” is mentioned by Pliny xxiv.
0 to xxvi. 16; the name derived perhaps from the river Farfaro in the Sabine territory, mentioned
by Ovid met. xiv. 330 (Spreng.) : T. farfara is termed “ t. vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. 487 ; is known
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