I;! iSìf
A l ií
“ shin-ou6tshv ” response ; “ shaimfi ” bird ; “ shv ” or “ shdvS ” or “ shbfivS ’
ter occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5). The lower portion
leaf. — The charac-
detached and more
resembling a leaf, occurs in the same hieroglyphic inscription under the Third Qj dynasty.
The wood-pigeon, Columba oenas, though well known throughout Europe, has not perhaps been
observed in Egypt. — The “ phassa ” of Homer il. xv. 238, and Aristophanes av. 303, is referred here
by some writers; as also the “ palumbes ” of Cato, Nigidius, and Virgil, described by Pliny viii. 41
and X. 35 as healing themselves with laurel leaves (see above), as departing from Italy in the winter
season, whither they go, being unknown, and as breeding only twice a year.
Laurus nobilis of the Northern shores of the Mediterranean. Called in Britain bay or sweet bay,
but by Chaucer “ laurer,” in France “ laurier” (Prior pop. names), in Germany “ lorbeer,” in Italy
“ alloro” or “ lauro ” (Lenz), in Greece “ thaphne” (Sibth), in which we recognize the leaf in question,
laurel leaves having been imported into Egypt possibly as early as this d a t e :— leaves and
branches of “ thaphne” were carried in the coronation-procession of Ptolemy II. (Callixen., and
Athen.); laurel leaves are enumerated by Alpinus as used medicinally in Egypt, and were ascertained
by Forskal mat. med. to be imported from Greece. Among the Greeks, the “ thaphne” was sacred
to Apollo (Plin, xii. 2), is mentioned by Hesiod op. 435, Homer od. 1, 183, Ibycus, Theophrastus, and
Dioscorides ; and L, nobilis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, from Crete and the
Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the consul Postumius Tubertus in the first triumphal
procession at Rome was crowned with “ laurus” for his bloodless victory over the Sabines, and Pliny
XV. 38 and xvii. 1 1 further speaks of the tree as growing in Italy on the mountains and besides cultivated
: L. nobilis is known to grow also in Spain (Pers,), is termed “ 1. vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst.
597; is cultivated throughout middle Europe, and its aromatic leaves and berries continue to be
employed medicinally (Lincll.).
fpy, “ shSvshbvS ” an incurved wooden shaving that inverts upon a bird ; “ shi ” to take, ob-
tain; “ shrompi ” or “ shrompi ” or “ shrbompS ” or “ shrbmpi” pigeon; “ shalb ” or
“ shal ” or “ shalol ” or “ shalb ” or “ shoilb ” to commit, place in charge ; “ shajb ” ear-ring; “ shreji ”
or “ shreshb ” dowry or nuptial present; “ shabieu” delivered up; “ shaamfi ” or “ shobush ” prevaricator,
to prevaricate ; “ shagSm ” or “ shbgem ” impurity, unclean ; “ shi ” to marry. — The character
occurs as early as the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 to 6, Champ, gram. 77 and 381, and Buns,
and Birch).
There seems included allusion to the custom — mentioned in Deut. xxii. 14 to 21. The healing
bird among the peasantry of Egypt was ascertained by myself to be the domestic pigeon, Columba
vulgaris, adapted to the purpose from its silence under captivity: detested therefore by the Jews,
and held sacred to Venus by the Greeks. Apart from hieroglyphic writing, the pigeon is figured at
Sahara under the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 70) ; but elsewhere on the monuments I was unable
to find distinct representations. The “ ywnb ” was sent out from the ark by Noah (Gen. viii. 8) ; is
mentioned also in Levit. v. 7, and Cant. ii. 14 to iv. i ; a pigeon from Egypt was connected with the
founding of the oracle at Dodona (Herodotus) ; pbristbra ” and “ pbristbrbbn ” pigeon-houses
are mentioned by Aristophanes lys. 755, and Plato thccCt. 198 ; and the “ columba” by Pliny x. 74 as
breeding several times in a year. Eastward, the pigeon is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl.
Stevenson); was observed by myself lingering in numbers about the secluded and long-abandoned
cave-temples at Adjunta; and according to Mason, is well known in Burmah. By European colonists,
was cairied to Northeast America, where it has become abundant, and if naturalized, keeping
notwithstanding in the vicinity of dwellings.
(“ henalbpSka” Egyptian goose signifying offspring, son, Horap. i. 50); “ shStshS” goose;
“ tshratsheshb ” hissing; “ tshbutshits ” hissing (of serpents, E dw .); “ shjb ” or “ tshjb ”
grasshopper or locust; “ shi-tshipi ” or “ shi-tshotsh ” or “ shi-tshbtsh ” confusion, shame, to be disgraced;
“ shrbsh” or “ shrbbsh” fruit, offspring; “ shmbh ” end, consummation; — in Hebrew
“ shrk ” or “ Ihsh ” to hiss. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic
writing (Leps. d. ii. pi, 6, and k. pi, 5 to 66). That the character represents the “ henalbpex,” appears
also from Herodotus ii. 72, and Aristophanes av, 1295.
The Egyptian goose, Anser chenalopex, is an indigenous species that does not appear to have
been domesticated:— apart from the hieroglyphic writing, flocks are captured in nets under the
Fourth and Fifth dynasties at G izeh: and at Benihassan under the Twelfth dyna.sty, the bird is separated
from the domestic goose. In Middle Egypt, Feb. 2d, the living A. chenalopex was observed
by myself in immense flocks on the sand-bars near Gebel Shekh Embarak ; when disturbed, flying
away in files or lines, some of them plicated and wedge-like after the manner of our A. Canadensis,
The articulation z seems wanting in the Egyptian language ; — though in use among the population
of the present* day, the being called “ ouizzah.” An ancient form of the Phoenician
letter “ zyn ” 3 , clearly taken from a goose’s neck, is continued in Etruscan, and Oscan (Gesen.
monum. Phcenic.); in Greek also, though often reversed, and possibly transferred to sigma, a different
sibilant. This reversed form constitutes the S of the Romans and the alphabets of Western
la ii-G nprvadino" meaninsf held : The exclamation hush !.
A armsA^ith the thumb pointing downward ; “ halok ” or “ hamer ” or “ amer^ ’
:2 = = fL = ^ cubit, fathom ; “ h fb t” or “ hpbt ” fathom; “ h é tèn ”
“ h rak ” o r “ hrbk ” or “ hbri ” or “ hbrbu” to quiet, hush, make still; “ hrour or hourbou or
“ l a ! « ’ or “ harb” to keep silence, hush; “ tahnb” or “ tsiibtsht’’ prohibition, to P J J ' ’ J
or “ hmsb” to cause to sit. - The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Thirteenth (Leps.
a " ^ c o E i ' ^ ' r i E b i ! ” bell; “ h a s ” although; “ h b lj« ’ kind; “ h a ” or “ h a s ” to permit; “ h ibv ’’
♦ or “ h ie v ” lamb; “ h e ” to be, to remain; “ hatm ” or “ hatn ” or “ hahtm” or “ hahtn or
“ hah te ” with; “ h a h ” many, — The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, gram.
“ b h f ” m- “ ohi ” herd or flock ; “ bibhS ” or “ óhé ” or “ bhi ” fold or sheepfold ohi ” to tarry ;
“ hénbufé ” or “ hinbufi” tranquillity, abundance ; “ h o r ’’ or “ hör to milk, hfo^ or hre fo ,
- i n Hebrew the eighth letter “ hyd ” supposed to signify sheepfold ; in E n j is h
character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. 11. pi. 23, and k. pl, 7
(cuttle-fish “ sbpian ” signifying, in striving to do well meeting with misfortune ; the ani-
mal escaping capture by discharging a black fluid, Horap. ” • i_°7) I'? ’
“ hihbur ” declivity ; “ htbp ” or “ hb ” or “ hSi ” disgraceful tall ; “ buie or loihé or Ibihi mire
■“ E a n offence- “ hapbu ” where ; “ hamnai ” here; “ ha-mne ” there; “ hen ” near ; “ hamoi
as vet • “ hathe ” or’ “ hate ” or “ hihé ” or “ hihb ” before ; “ phahou ” or “ pMiou or ‘ hipahou
behind’ afterwards ; “ hasié ” to be submerged ; — in Latin “ hic,” in English here. The character
ocXu-s under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 14J. A J ™ / E T p r i ! ! l ! d
Book of the Dead, and from the Twelfth dynasty to the Eighteenth (Leps. d. « ii. pl. 125, and
“ h b jp s” to shut, stop; “ ta th b” to hold, bind; “ sbnh ” prisoner; “ h e j S ’’ or
[ z v z r v i V . , I . u lin h è ” to be overtaken, circumvented; “ hbls or hblsh to
be encompassed — The first character occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the Roman conquest
( L p s d fo pl 25, 27, and k. pl. 28 to 59). The second character occurs under the . . . . dynasty
E T E a f o f o ’ pestle; “ mjaht ” or “ harbji ” a mortar; “ hatb ” to bruise,^;Ablhbfo’ bruising ;
i J ft “ hibu ” or “ hibub ” to beat ; “ hibli ” public flagellation ; ‘ hioni or hibni ox hibne
L t n e - The first character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing
( I fp s d. ii. pl, 30, 98, and k, pl. 7 to 66). The second occurs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps.
1- nl 26) The third occurs under the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pl. 53). -n 1 f
“ albh ” or “ arbh ” custody, prison ; “ bnauh ” or “ snauh ” bonds, fetters ; - The c lw a c te r
— ^ occurs from the Twelfth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. 11. pl. 121 138, and k. pl. 56) and
seems the origin of the following forms of the Phcenician letter “ hyd,” , continued in the Greek
“ E T E e L T m s besides a modification of the s t o c k s . - T h e stocks are mentioned in the
Eno-lish version of Prov. vii. 22 ; “ sth ” in Job xiii. 27 and xxxni. 11 ; and were observed by myse f
fo common use among the Arabs of Zanzibar. In Italy, the “ numella,” confining the neck as well
- Ä - ' i Ä i ; - I « - * « <« J ' f
niated - The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps, d. 11. pl. 22 and 102).^
, “ hbvV” or “ livvb ” or “ hevi ” a plough ; “ hbvb ” or “ hbvi ” or^ “ ' - v i ” or ‘ ‘ hevb ’ gn e f ;
^ “ hva ” sad unwilling ; “ hblhilb ” grief, trouble hetsh ” or “ he] or hojhb) or_ bejhbj
to be afflicted • “ lojh ” or “ Ibjh ” affliction ; “ bléplbp ” or “ hlbplp ” to be m a strait ; m English
“ heavy ” and “ to come to grief.” The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Persian
" ' Z ' " S , ,0, co ,.H e I . , » r .| ,a ■ .0 repen., ponder, « he.-Pe. " In-
‘w ’ side of the heart; “ h b t ” womb; “ h e t s ” or “ h e ” o r “ houad” or “ houit or houbit or
E u b i i ” bemnning ; the name is continued in the Greek “ eta,” supposed to have been origina ly
pronounced h. The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the
K .„ ,n n I .1« bird b e i . j dedlcn.ed Mnrcnr, .be
„ n e r i of .11 d d Sdng end re .eo .in g , Hor.p. i. 34) i “ b.vióni ” or « l.d> or " inppin ' d » .
Ed-, F “ hrai ” or “ hm ” or “ hn ” in ; “ houn ” or “ hihbun ” within ; t-hihoun m the interior,
E ^ t e l l e c t u a l faculties ; “ hak ” wise, intelligent; “ hbub” wiser; “ h o p ” to think; hap or
I. J