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Laiama Borbonica of the Mauritius Islands. Received from the Isle of Bourbon, and described
by Jacquin frag. i. pl. i i , — and Lamarck enc. iii. 411 (Pers.) : observed by Bojer around dwellings
and along the margin of the forest on the Mauritius Islands. By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses : was observed by myself in Egypt,
in the Botanical Garden near Cairo, doubtless derived from Europe.
Pleurogyne Carinthiaca of Switzerland and the Altaian mountains. An annual termed “ swertia
carinthiaca ’ by Jacquin misc. ii. pl. 6 as observed on the Salsburg and Carinthian Alps (P e r s .) ;
known to grow also in the Saas valley in Valai.s, and on the Altaian mountains (Griseb , and A. Dec.).
“ 1782, March 4 th ” (Holmes), by the English Commons resolved, “ That the house would consider
as enemies to his majesty and the country, all those who should advise or attempt the farther
prosecution of offensive war on the continent of North America.”
“ .Ypril rath” (Holmes), the French fleet under De Grasse defeated in the West Indies by the
British fleet under Rodney.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), Hacquet publishing his Plant, alpin. Carniol. — He died “ in 1814.”
“ In this year ” (Durand in Am. phil. trans.), André Michaux exploring the Persian provinces on
the Tigris and Euphrates. — He returned to France “ in 1785.”
“ In this year ” (W in ck l) , Molina publishing his Storia nat. del Chili.*
“ April 19th ” (Holmes), the colonies acknowledged an independent nation by Holland: and
“ Oct. 8th,” a treaty of amity and commerce concluded.
“ Nov. 30th ” (Holmes), the independence of the colonies acknowledged by Britain, and a treaty
of peace concluded : to take effect when peace should be declared between Britain and France.
“ 1783 A. D.” (Holmes), treaties of amity and commerce: with Denmark “ Feb. 15 th ;” with
Spain “ in March ; ” with Sweden “ in .April ; ” with Russia “ in J u ly ;” and “ Sept. 23d,” signing of
the Definitive treaty of peace between Britain and the now independent States.
“ In the summer” (Amer. acad. sc. i. 401), Manasseh Cutler at Ipswich in Eastern Massachusetts,
meeting with “ goldenpert” Gratiola aitrea, “ pigeon-berry bush ” Cornus stolonifera, “ trailing
cock spu r” Galium triflorum, “ upright cockspur ” G. circcezans, “ water v io le t” Hottonia inflata,
“ water parsnip ” Siu/n lineare, “ white pepperbush ” Andromefla [Lyonia) ligustrina, “ cow-wheat ”
Melampyrum Americanum, “ yellow su c co ry” Hieracium Canadense, “ star th is tle ” Cirsium pumilum,
“ yellow thistle” C horridulum, “ meadow sunflower ” chrysanthemoides, “ lady’s plume”
Platanthera fimbriata, “ moneywort” Asclepias obtusifolia, “ quaffidilla ” Clintonia borealis, “ sugar
ma-fz " Acer nigrum ; — and soon afterwards, as appears from his unpublished manuscripts (examined
by Russell and Tuckerman), “ anonymes yellow sandbind ” Hudsonia tomentosa, “ campanula
húmida” Campanula aparinoides, and “ anómalos” Microstylis ophioglossoides.
“ Nov. 3d ” (Holmes), disbanding of the American army. “ Nov. 25th,” evacuation of New
York city by the British troops : and shortly-afterwards, surrender by Washington of his commission,
to Congress at Annapolis.
“ Nov. 29th ” (Holmes), an earthquake, distinctly perceived from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), Swartz visiting the West Indies.f — He remained “ until 1787,” and
published his Prodr. Ind. Occ. “ in 1788.”
“ In this y e a r ” (J. F. Wats.), publication in London of the “ History of Sumatra” by William
Marsden.
“ 1784, Feb. 22d ” (Felt ann. Salem), sailing from New York of a ship under Capt. John Green
* Flourensia thurifera of Chili. A shrub called by Molina “ thuraria,” from yielding incense,—
observed by myself in the environs of Valparaiso, Helianthus-like except in being woody.
t Euphorbia punicea of Jamaica. A thick-stemmed shrub with large scarlet leaves around the
flowers, described by Swartz— (Steud.), Jacquin rar. iii. pl. 484, and Descourtilz pl . “ E. Poin-
settii ” brought from Mexico by Poinsett about 1833 ?, and soon becoming a favourite in greenhouses,
introduced even into the gardens of Burmah (Mason v. p. 421), may be compared.
Jussieua acuminata o f Equatorial Africa. Known to grow from Guinea to the island of Saint-
Thomas (Benth, fl, Nigr.). Probably by European colonist.s carried across the Atlantic to the West
Indies, where it was observed in moist places by Swartz (A. Dec.).
Laurus montana of the mountains of the We.st Indian archipelago. Observed by Swartz on the
lofty mountains of Jamaica, a tree closely resembling L. camphora (Pers.).
Panicum jumentorum of . . . . Observed by Swartz prodr. p. 24 under cultivation in the West
Indies for feeding cattle, and called Guinea grass from its alleged place of origin — (Pers.). Eas tward
from Africa, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 477 as “ e x o tic ” in Burmah and “ grown by a few
Europeans,” but called by the Sgau Karens “ nau-ka-thau-hau.” As transported to Europe, is
described by Lamarck (Steud.).
for Canton ; a “ new branch of trade.” The “ first appearance of an Anglo-American trader in fhe
ports of India in ” this year, is regarded by Crawfurd ix. 3. p. 250 as “ the true era of the commencement
of fair and legitimate commerce between India and the civilized nations of the W e s t ” A ship
£ d e r Capt. Jonathan Ingersoll .sailed from Salem “ Nov. 27th” for the Cape of Good Hope, — and
for the ensuing forty years, American commerce with the Indian Seas was chiefly carried on from
Salem.
The same y e a r ” (coll. hist. iv. 199, and Holmes), by the Third census of Massachusetts, the
number of Whites ascertained to be “ three hundred and fifty-three thousand one hundred and thirty-
three ; ” and of Blacks, “ four thousand three hundred and seventy-seven.”
“ In this y e a r ” (Dallet 13), Christianity first introduced into Corea, chiefly through the philosophical
inquiries of Ni Tek-tso or Piek-i, who persuaded his friend Ni Seng-houn-i, one of the
ambassadors to Pekin, to procure there the books o f th e Christians, On arriving at Pekin, Sen»-
houn-i visited one of the four Catholic churches, was baptized, and before the close of tlie year
returned with the books in question to Corea.
■J.1 “ ‘ t o } '" ^toith), L’Heritier publishing his Stirp. Nov., enumerating* Aristolochia
sipho, Mbes prosiratum 1. 3, Rhamnus alnifolius p. 5, Siegesbeckia ftosculosa pl. 19, — completed
“ m 1785 his Geran., “ in 1787-8.” , i V. 1
citriodora of Austral America. A shrub transported to Europe and described by Orte»a
and L H e r i t ie r i .p l 11, — (Pers.): enumerated by Ciot-Bey as recently introduced into the gardens
ot Egypt. By European colonists also, carried to Hindustan, where it was observed by Law “ in »ar-
dens at £ lg a um and Dharwar,” thriving “ luxuriantly,” and “ much esteemed for the delightful fra-
0ance of its leaves ” (Graham) ; to Burmah, enumerated as “ e.xotic” by Mason ; and to Northeast
America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. In its wild state, was seen by Dombey in
Chih ; by Humboldt and Bonpland; and is said to grow also in Buenos Ayres (Pers.).
As early as this year (Baldw. rel. 146), Fraser visiting the mountains of Carolina, meeting with
Colhnsonia ovahs, Ceratiola ericoides, Carex Fraseri, Trichodium pereiinans, Panicum strtaium,
Itip a 3 ^ 1 0 , Spermacoce involucrata. I le x laxiflora, Lonicera flava, Ribes resinosum, Oenothera Fraseri
Vaccimum crassifolium, Liatris cylindrica, Abies Fraseri. — His plants were communicated to
and described by his friend Walter.
“ The same year ” (Sp ren g, and W in c k l) , Pallas publishing his Flor. Ross., enumerating Cra-
taey^usglandulosa i. pl. ir , Spiraea beiulaefolia i. pl. i6, — completed “ in 1788.”
Ornithogalum fimbriatum of the East Mediterranean countries. Described by Pallas (in n act
Petrop. X. 309), as received from Tauria - (Pers.): observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus.
“ 178s A. D .” (Holmes), treaty of amity and commerce with Prussia, signed by the American
plenipotentiaries at their respective places of residence; by Franklin at Passy “ July gth ” Thomas
Jefferson at Pans “ July 28th ; ” and John Adams at London “ Aug. 5th.”
“ In this year ” (Pursh), Moench publishing his Ansland. b?ume, enumerating Aesculus flava
Crataegus flava. — He died “ in 1805 ” (Spreng.). ’
“ In this y e a r ” (Dari., and Brendel in Am. Nat. for 1870), Humphrey Marshall of Philadelphia
publislimg his Arbust, Amer., enumerating S a lix humilis, S. sericea, Zanlhorhiza apiifolia, Quercus
prinoides, Lonicera grata, Euonymus atropurpureus 76, Viburnum molle, Rhus aromatica.
As early as this year ( . . . . ) , Walter In South Carolina meeting with Quercus lyrata, Trip-
lasts purpurea, Polygala polygama, Schrankia uncinata, Diodia teres, Lobelia glandulosa, Ilex myr-
t i f oba, I . dahoon, I. decidua, Styrax grandifolium, S. laeve, Uiricularia inflata, U. purpurea, Gratiola
pilosa, Gerardia setacea, Stachys hyssopifo'ia, Sabbatia lanceolata, Gentiana angustifolia, Forstero-
nia difformis, Asckptaspaupercula, Gonolobus hirsutus, G. macrophyllus, Asaruni arifolium, Lanru:
[Benzoin) melissaefolium, Phoradendron flavescens, Acalypha Caroliniana, Phyllanthus Carolinensis
Aplcctrum hyemaU, Aletris aurea, Smilax Walteri, Helonias [Amianthium) mu.:caetoxicum, Xyris
Caroliniana, Eriocaulon [Lachnocaulon) idllosum, Trichodium elatum, Muhlenbergia capillaris.
Cteninm aromaiicum, Leptochloa mucronala, Festuca tenella; Andropogon macrourus, dissitiflorus
Cyperus flavicomus, Trautvetteria palmata. Ranunculus pusillus. Delphinium azureum, Hibiscus
* Eupatorium ayapana of Eastern Equatorial America. Growing on the right bank of the
Amazons, and employed as an antidote against the bite of venomous serpents and insects- commended
for this purpose by L ’Heritier, - said to be also a powerful sudorific and alexipharmic (\'ahl
symb. 111. p 97 Vret. malm. pl. 3, Tratleuick pl 16, Pers , and Lindl.). By European colonists,
cairied to the Philippines, where it is mentioned by Blanco as recently introduced, easily cultivated
and called “ ayapana ” in lagalo ; also to Hindustan, where it was observed in gardens around Bombay
by Lush, and Graham; and to the Mauritius Islands, where the leaves are used a-i a 'Substitute
for tea (Grah.).
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