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7 5 4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
zilian “ ietica ” (Marcgr. pl. i6), in Peru “ camote ” (C. P.), a word according to Humboldt of Mexican
origin, in Quichua “ apichu,” in the Quito dialect “ cumar” (Markh. p. 234), and cultivated from
early times : *— “ boiled roots to eat not unlike chestnuts in taste ” were offered to Columbus by the
natives of Cuba (F. Columb. 28, or in the words of Gomara l 5) “ batatas que son rayzes dulces,” and
some of these roots were carried by Columbus to Spain. Westward, B. edulis was observed by myself
under cultivation on Metia, Taheiti, the Hawaiian, Samoan, and Tongan Islands, not only the American
variety, but other varieties unknown in America ; also on the Samoan Islands ancl New Zealand,
a slender-rooted kind that according to New Zealand tradition was brought from those islands at
an early period. B. edulis was said to be cultivated on one of the outer Feejeean islets ; and on
Taheiti, the Tongan, Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, I remarked seemingly the same species springing
up spontaneously, usually as a weed in cuhivated ground, but distinguished by the natives and
its root not used. By Oviedo, B. edulis was introduced into Spain (A. Dec.); roots were seen there
by Clusius hist. ii. 77, and the living plant is described by Monardes, and Lobel ; was observed by
Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Ciot-Bey, recently introduced into Egypt; by Grant, under cultivation
from Egypt to Zanzibar; by myself, the American variety on Zanzibar, also in the markets of Mocha,
Muscat, and Bombay. By European colonists also, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the
Philippines, observed there by P. A. Mozo, Blanco, and myself, called “ camoti ” in Tagalo, and several
varieties distinguished by the natives ; to the Moluccas by the same route (Rumph. v. 368) ; to
Japan, called there “ imo” or “ kara imo” (Thunb.) ; to China, called there “ hoan-xy,” and to Anam
(Lour.) ; to Burmah, called there “ ka-zwon ” (Mason) ; to Hindustan, observed by Rheede vii. pl.
50 in Malabar, called there “ kappa-kalenga,” and in Telinga “ grasugada ” or “ chillagada ” (Drury),
* Anona muricata of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The
is a small tree, called in Carib “ alacalyoua ” (Desc.), and known from early times : —the
“ guanabano ” was observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. 63 and hist. gen. viii. pl. 17 frequent on the islands
and in Tierra firme, bearing fruit like pine-cones ; “ guanavana” fruit, by Cieza de Leon xxvii to
Ixvi from the Cauca valley throughout Lower Peru ; by myself, large and depressed as though by its
own weight in resting along a branch, in market at Lima: A. muricata was observed by P. Brown,
Swartz, and Macfadyen, wild throughout the West Indies ; by Merian pl. 14 in Surinam, wild there
according to Splitgerber but growing around plantations. By European colonists, was carried to
Southern Brazil, where according to Martius it tends to escape from cultivation; to the opposite
African coast, cultivated at Sierra Leone (fl. Nigr.) ; to Ceylon (Burm., and R. Brown) ; to Plindustan,
“ in gardens Bombay” (Graham), and sparingly cultivated in Madras (Drur.); to Burmah
(Mason) ; to Java, where its fruit is held in estimation (Graham) ; and in French colonies is called
“ corossol ” or “ cachimán” (A. Dec.).
P a s s if lo r a q u a d r a n g u la r is o i the West Indies. The fruit called “ grenadilles ” known to the
ancient Mexicans, — according to Humboldt iv. 9: the “ granadilla” delicious and fragrant seen by
Cieza de Leon xxviii on the Upper Cauca, described in a letter from Peru to Monardes in 1578, is
clearly the highly-esteemed fruit sold under the same name at Lima, but I did not meet with the plant
producing it. P. quadrangularis was observed by Jacquin am. pl. 143 in the woods of Jamaica
(Pers.) ; is cultivated in certain French settlements for the sake of its root, which is “ powerlully
narcotic,” or according to Martius “ emetic,” and its fruit “ is a common article in a Brazilian dessert
” (Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Hindustan (ms. note to Graham) ; and to
Burmah (Mason).
Tacsonia sp. of the South American Andes. — The “ grenadilles” of Plumboldt are however
described by him as the fruit of different species of Passifiora and Tacsonia. The species of Tacsonia
are I think confined to South America, to the Andes from Bogota throughout Peru.
Chrysophyllum cainito of Tropical America. The star-apple or “ caymito ” cultivated from time
immemorial in the West Indies, — but nowhere found decidedly wild (A. Dec.): “ caymito” fruit was
seen by Cieza de Leon xlvi to Ixvi at Puerto Viejo and farther South in Lower Peru : C. cainito is
described by Oviedo gen. hist. viii. 3 ; is termed “ cainito folio subtus aureo” by Plumier x. pl. 69;
was observed by Sloane ii. 170 on Jamaica, not indigenous, but sowing itself and extending beyond
cultivated ground ; by Jacquin am. 52, in other parts of the West Indies : is known to occur iji Carac-
cas and as far as Peru (Plumb, and Kunth iii. 236). By French colonists, is called “ caimitier” or
“ cainitier,” but from the slight value of its fruit has seldom been transported beyond the American
continent (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Mason “ exotic” in Burmah.
Lucuma caimito of the Eastern declivity of the Peruvian Andes. Another Sapotaceous tree
called “ caimito” (A. Dec.). its fruit of superior quality known from early times, and possibly the
“ caymito ” in question : — L. caimito was observed by Ruiz and Pavon iii. pl. 240 on the Peruvian
Andes (Pers.); and according to A. Decandolle extending into Brazil.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 7 5 5
in the environs of Bombay “ rattaloo ” or “ sukur-kund” or “ sukurid-kind ” (Graham), and known
to be very generally cultivated throughout Hindustan as far as Scinde (Roxb., and Burnes). The
-whitc sweet-potato, its roots really tuberous and not fusiform nor pointed, may prove a distinct species;
it is the kind generally cultivated on the Hawaiian Islands, was observed by Blanco on the
Philippines, and according to Mason is applied by the Burmese to wounds with poisoned arrows.
Physalis Peruviana of Tropical America. The cape gooseberry or cherry tomato, called in
Carib “ sousourou-scurou ” (Desc.), in Tagalo “ potocan ” (Blanco); and carried to the islands of
the Pacific as early possibly as this date : — observed by myself on the Plawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan,
Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and New Zealand, occurring as a weed only and everywhere neglected
by the natives ; by Blanco, on the Philippines ; by Mason v. 455, “ exotic ” in Burmah ; by Roxburgh,
in Hindustan ; by Graham, “ cultivated in gardens ” in the environs of Bombay, and “ a plant very
much resembling this” seemingly “ wild on the banks of the Yena and other moist places Mahableshwur.”
Eastward, the “ cerezilla” fruit was seen by Cieza de Leon xlvi at Puerto Viejo, North
of Guayaquil; P. Peruviana by Feuillee iii. 51, and Ruiz- and Pavon, in Peru ; by myself, on dried-
up portions of the river-bed near Lima, and in a similar locality North of Valparaiso ; by Descourtilz,
in the West Indies. By European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, observed by
myself already naturalized, and about 1830 to Southwest Australia by James Drummond (A. Dec.) ;
to the Mauritius Islands (B oj); to St. Helena and Madeira, observed by myself; to Northeast
America, where I found it cultivated in our Middle States. Transported to Europe, is described by
Morison xiii. pi, 3, has become naturalized in Southern Spain (Boiss. voy. ii. 436, and Dun.), and
apparently the same species in Sicily (Guss. i. 270, and A. Dec.).
“ 1274, May 7th to July 17th” (Alst., and Nicol.), Fourteenth general ecclesiastical Council.
Assembled at Lyons ; the Byz.antiue emperor Michael V III. and other Greeks being present. The
“ Greek and Latin cjiurches were re-united.” Rodolph of Hapsburg was confirmed as emperor of
Germany and Italy. The mendicant Orders of monks were reduced to four; twenty-three being
abolished. Bowing or “ bending the knee” at the name of Jesus, was instituted. And laws were
made on the future election of popes.
“ 1275 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Kame-jamma in favour of his eldest son
Gouda or Go-ou-da, now ninetieth dairo of Japan.
“ The same year = ‘ te-yeou,’ ist year of Ti-hien ” or Koung-tsoung, of the Soung or Twenty-first
dynasty—(Chinese chron. table).
“ May 26th” (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. Joannes Veccus was elected patriarch of
Constantinople.
“ The same year” (Nicol.), a synod at Lunden. The interdict imposed on Denmark for nine
years, was removed.
“ The same year ” (Lubke and Lutrow), in Germany, the cathedral at Regensburg commenced. —
The building was finished “ in i6i8.”
“ In or about this year (= 674 A. H., comm. June 26th,” Hadji-Khalfa, Gildem., and De Sacy
chrest.), Kaswini writing. He speaks of “ Gava” (Java), and the Chinese exchanging their wares
there; sailing no farther West, on account as they allege of the diversity of religions and the distance
. Also of “ Sarandib” (Ceylon) containing a footstep of “ Adam the father of us a ll:” of many
Magians (Parsees) residing on the island and Muslims associated with them ; and of the burning of
the widow of the native king with the corpse of her dead husband. Of the island of “ Salameth in the
Indian Sea,” where there are fishes that ascend trees {Atiabas scandens).
And of Mansura, a city on the Indus founded by the second Abbassid khalif for the seat of
government of the Muslim prefects.
“ 1276 A. D. = ‘ king-yen,’ 1st year of Touan-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
rhea laxa? of Japan. “ Some six centuries ago” (Jap. centen. comm. 106), the tea plant found
“ growing in the province of Suriga,” to all appearance indigenous, —and its qualities “ led to its cultivation,”
T. laxa was observed in Japan by Kaempfer pl. 606, but is regarded as not distinct from
T. bohea (Pers.).
“ The same year” (Malay ann., Raffles x,, and Crawfurd vii. 11), Sekander Shah succeeded at
Malaca by Mahomed Shah. Who adopted the Mohammedan religion, and took possession of the
islands of Lingga and Binlan.
“ Feb. 2ist” (Alst., and Nicol.), Gregorius X. succeeded by cardinal Peter de Tarentaise or
Innocentius V., a scholastic theologian. “ July i ith,” by cardinal Ottobone di Fresco or Hadrianus V.,
who died “ Aug. i6th ” without having been “ consecrated pope or ordained a priest.” And “ Sept.
13th,” by cardinal Joao Pedro of Portugal, now Joannes XXL, thirty-first pope. Edward ruling
England.
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