CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Tin 27 th” 6 0 4 + “ 21 y e a r s ” of the Astronom, can., and C lin t), Chinaladanus sueceeded
by Nabopolassar as king at Babylon. (By Alex. Polyhistor,'“ twenty ” years only are ass.gned
to his reign; but in another place where he is called “ Sardanapallus, 21 aie given. ee a so y
° ° * ''“ T h ls am e y e a r ” (Diog. Laert., and Clint.), Cypselus succeeded by his son Pe0 nder, as king
of Corinth. By some writers, Periander is enumerated as one of the “ Seven sages. „ , „
“ 623 B. C .” (Herodot., and Clint), commencement of war between the Lydian king Sadyattes
and the Milesian Greeks. — The war continued “ eleven ” years. ^
The same year (= 6 3 9 y . 73/5% d -— “ 18th y e a r ” of twelve lunations of 2 K xxn 3, and -
Chron. xxxiv. 8). the lost “ book of the law ” given by Moses, discovered in the temple at Jerusalem
bv tiie hi“h priest Hilkiah, and brought to king Josiah. .
“ e al, Saturday April 22d, five hours after midnight ” (as reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian of
Alexandria, Blair), Fourth Babylonian eclipse o f the moon. nnrl
“ The same year = 33d year of Siang-wang” (the Li-tai-ki-sse Sse-ma-thsian, Gaubil, and
Pauth.), death of Mou-koung prince of Thsin ; at whose funeral “ one ’’ /^Ired and rorenty-seren
persons immolated themselves ; a custom now first introduced into China from the Tartais of
West ” — The custom is mentioned as existing among the Scythians, by Herodotus
“ The same year ” (Tat., Clem. Alex., and C lin t), the Laws of Dracon adopted at Athens
6“o B C = “ 45th vear of Psametik,” the date (according to Boeckh and Franzius) of the earliest
Greek inscription known; tliat at Abousimbel in Nubia, recording the passage of king Psametik s
army and presenting the following forms of letters, . . A, B, K, A, A/, , , , •
The “ T h ird ” epoch in Nubian or Ethiopian history (according to Lepsnis eg. and sm. U, - 9i
152 to 219), is that of kings independent of Egypt; the kings of Meroe whose dommion extended
n N o n ly o ie r Upper Nubia, but as far down the river as P h i læ . - A t ^toroe, near B^erauiefo the
names of “ fifteen” different kings were found by Lepsius p. 152; and among about thiity different
names of kings and queens ” at the pyramids there, he remarked the “ emblems of Sesurtesen used
“ for the fourth time as the throne name of an Ethiopian king.” The temple of Amara was ^ built by
the kings of Meroe and Naga; ” and Napata continued to be a residence of the ‘ Ethiopian kings even
in the time of Herodotus.” The Ethiopian demotic was “ more in use and more genera ly known
than hieroglyphic ” writing ; was “ similar to the Egyptian demotic in its eft+aetors of _ befoeen
twenty-five and thirty signs,” and was in like manner “ read from right to left ; but there is a co
slant separation of words by two points ; ” the Bega language of the Bishari, is re g a rd ed b y him as
“ most probably the key to the ancient Ethiopian inscriptions written in simple characters.
“ 618 B. C. = is t year of King-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
“ 617 B. C .” ( = 629 “ 12 years ” of Herodot. i. 16, Clint, i. p. 184), Sadyattes succeeded by
his son Alyattes, as king of Lydia. . .
“ 616 B. C .” ( = 578 + “ 38 yrs.,” Sm. b. d.), Ancus Marcius succeeded by Tarquinius I riscus,
fifth kin“ of Rome, and the calendar Year of “ ten months ” abrogated (Jun. Gracchan.). Parqiiinius
Prirous was a son of Demaratus of Corinth, one of the expelled Bacchiadae. ^ ^
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. vin. p. 244),
Sucshetra reigning in Hindustan. „ , - « •
“ In the reign of A ly atte s ” (Herodot.), the Cimmerians finally expelled from Asia Minor.
“ 613 B. C .” (Plumb, cosm. iv. 185), a comet observed in China; the earliest — in the collection
I fo il l r = “ 52d year of Psammetichus,” . death of an Apis or sacred hull. Its mummified
body was the first one deposited in the new gallery at the Serapeum; built together with additions to
the “ real temple of Ptah at Memphis by Psammetichus — (Birch). „ , , ,
" ‘ 612 B. C. = is t year of Kouang-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dyna.sty (Chinese chrom table).
“ April 28th.” On the “ first day of the Sixth month” (Khoung-tseu, Gaubil, and Pautb.),
^‘^^'^“ 610 B. C.” (Euseb , and Clint.), escape from pirates of Arion the inventor of dithyrambic poetry.
A commemorative votive offering of a small bronze statue of a man seated on a ^dolphin was
placed on the Taenarum promontory ; — where it remained more than seven hundred years, being
mentioned by Herodotus, and Aelianus xii. 45. , , . , „ ,• „
- The same year (= 609 y. 10 mo. 2 d. + the portion of his “ ist year p r e c « i0 the
I first d a y ” of the eleventh month “ Epiphi ” of the stela at Leyden 570 -j- 25 -f-
6 + 1 6 y e a r s ” of Herodotus — 7 years excess shown by stelæ), P.sammetihos succeeded
by Nëhaô IL, fifth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The name of king
. Nekau II. occurs at Rosetta (Glid. analect.), also on stelæ or sepulchral slabs.
609 B. C. { = 569 + “ 27th + 6s y. 10 mo. 2 days ” of the stela at Leyden), the “ first day of the
month Epiphi in the first year of Nekau I I.,” not later than this date.
The same vear ( = 6ao v. 73%s% d- — “ 3> yents” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xxii. i and 2 Chron.
xxxiv. I), Jo.siah striving to arrest the march of an Egyptian army under Nekau IL , slain in b0 le at
Megiddo. He was succeeded by his son Jehoahaz. But at the end of “ three months J ^ i s h i« e -
pendence was overthrown by Nekau II. ; who removed Jehoahaz to Egypt, and appoint« his brother
Eliakim king at Jerusalem, under the changed name of “ Jehoiakim ” (2 K. xxiii. 30, 2 Chron. xxxvi.,
608 b!°C. ( = 1 — “ 35th year . . . . on the 2d of Paopi + 71 y. 4 mo. 6 days ” of the stela
at Florence), “ first day of Paoni in the third year of Nekau I I .”
C. = “ 4th year of Nekau II. ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monumrots ( «
Mull. fr. Man. p. 594). But the “ 9 years ” shown by stelæ to be deficient in the Afr.-Maneth. table,
probably belong to this reign ; especially as Herodotus’ account corresponds. ■
Cucumis melo of the Southern border of the Caspian. Called in Britain, foance, rod Spain
melon (Prior), in Germany “ melone,” in Italy “ melone ” or “ popone ” (Lenz), in Greece pcproia
l l a U s i a ” (Fraas), by the Turks and Tartars “ kaun ” ( « Dec.) and one var0 y in E ^ «
“ qaoun ” (Del.), the seeming origin of the Hebrew h 1 W P/V P kykywn in Jonah iv. 6, - ro 0 _arly
Greek “ kikuon • ” the “ sikuön ” is mentioned . by Alcaeus, Laches, and Matron; the sikuthion,
by Phrynichus ; the “ sikuön,” by Praxilla, Cratinus, Aristophanes acharn 520, Polemon diæt. 11
Anaxilaus, Theophrastus, Zenobius iv. 21, and that of Antioch is identified by Athenaeus 0 . 4 ^ h
the “ sikuönian ” of Megalopolis, and “ sikuan inthiken ; ” the “ sikuan tön pëpona^ is m^t.oitec by
Speusippus ; the “ sikuös pëpôn ” by the comic poet Plato, Theopompus (A hen. 11. p. 68 0 i s o e
probl X X . 22, by Aeneas Tacticus 29 as used in smugghng spear-heads ; the 0 pön by Cratinus
(Athen.), Florentinus (geopon. xii. 20), by Dioscorides as diuretic, and Galen fac. ahm. in 5 expressly
states that the inner portion containing the s^ d s is not eaten; J '0'®
Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece ; by Abd-allatif Forskal 0 ®'’'®’ /
under cultivation in E g yp t; by myself, the fruit in market at Modia and Muscat. W e s t^ rd
“ melones ” are mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 53, Palladius iv. 9. 6, and pepones by Pliny xix. 23
to X X . 6; C. melo is described by Matthioli pl. 368, and Dalechamp pl. 623 ; but in^0 fohein France,
according to Olivier de Serres, began to be extensively cultivated only _ m IÖ 0 E a s fo a « from
Syria, is called in Persian and Hindustanee “ kharbiiza” (A. Dec.), also in Hindustanee am «
Ben“ alee “ phuti ” (D ’roz.), and though having no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidff) is cultiva0 all
over"lndia ” (Graham) : was observed by Mason v. p. 456 “ exotic ” in Burmah rod called tha-kfova-
hmwæ” a “ very indifferent” kind “ cultivated by the natives generally; by Loureiro P- 0 , m
Anam and China, also an indifferent kind; by Blanco, well known on the Philippines and c ffll« in
T a “ alo “ tabogo ; ” by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, abundantly cultivated in Japan and called tenkwa
ortisually “ k a rau ri,” the term “ k a ra ” signifying exotic from China. ^ By
America (F . Columb. 53), where it continues under cultivation, and 111 the United States is called
musk-melon: and by the Portuguese (according to R u m p h i u s v. 404) was carried to the Malayan
archipelago. (See Ricinus communis). _ 1 „
In the rei“ n of Nekau II. (Herodot. iv. 40), Africa circumnavigated, and as far as known for
the first time. " ( In passing around the Southern Extreme of Africa, the navigators landing at intervals
doubtless met with tribes belonging to the Hottentot Race of man ; living on the spontaneous
productions of the country, — as for the most part to the present day).*
* Aphyteia hydnora of Austral Africa. The lower portion constituting the fruit, eaten by the
H o t t e n t o t s and b y v a r i o u s q u a d r u p e d s — (Thunb., a n d Pers.). Z T V n m h f n v iii a l
Euclea undulata of Austral Africa. The fruit eaten by tlie Hottentots - (Thunb. trav. 111. 4).
Brabejum stellulifolinm of Austral Africa. The fruit eaten by the Hottentots, - and used for
coffee ( b y the colonists?), according to Thunberg ii. 2. ^
Strelitzia of Austral Africa. The fruit eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb^iii. 4)-
Schotia .speciosa of Tropical and Austral Africa. The beans eaten by the H o t te n to t s - (Thunb.).
Farther North, g r o w i n g a lso i n Senegal (Jacq. rar. 1. pl. 75, and Pers.).
Myrica cordifolia of Austral Africa. The wax on the berries eaten by he H o tte i0 ts , - and
used for candles (by the colonists), according to Thunberg; the plant descnbed also by Burmann
afr. pl. gS (Pers.).
Stahelia incarnata of Austral Africa. Eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb.). ^
Stapelia articulata of Austral Africa. Eaten by the Hottentots - and colonists (Thunb., and
Mass. pl, 30). As transported to Europe, described by Alton. , . , „ v
Zamia cycadifolia of Austral Africa. The pitli among the Hottentots a substitute for bread -
(Thunb. iii. 4). Transported to Europe, Z. cycadifolia is described by Jacquin fragm. pl. 25, and
Gaertner.