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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Prior), in France “ scolopendre ” (Nugent), in Italy “ cetracea ” or “ erba dorata ” (Lenz), in Greece
“ skorpithi ” or “ hrusôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ teucrion ” discovered by Teucer
in throwing away entrails from its adhering to and absorbing the spleen, — further identified by Pliny
X X V . 20 with the “ heraionion,” growing according to Theophrastus ix. 18. 7 in stony mountainous
places and resembling “ skôlôpënthrô : ” the skôlôpënthriôn ” is mentioned by Andreas, Nicander
ther. 684, and is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ëmiôniôn ” or “ splenion ” or the “ asplenon ” of
Dioscorides growing on shaded walls and rocks, its leaves resembling the “ skôlôpenthra ” animal,
incised after the manner of “ pôlupôthiôu,” green above and fulvous and hairy beneath : the account
of swine feeding on “ splenion” being destitute of a spleen is further mentioned by Pliny (a similar
statement is attributed to Vitruvius by W. Coles) : C. officinarum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, frequent on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Farther
South, is called in Egyptian “ askôlôvantëriôn ” (Edw.) ; and was observed by Forskal on the mountains
of Y'emen. Westward, is termed “ ceterach ” by Matthæus Sylvaticus, “ a. sive ceterach ” by
Tournefort inst. 544; is described also by Tragus f. 209 ; and is known to grow from Italy to Spain
and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 1244, and Bory).
AcrosHchum .marantæ of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the “ teucrion ” in question,
— Pliny’s account being in part taken from the “ ëmiônitis ” of Dioscorides, growing in stony
places, having neither stem fruit nor flower, but slender roots and a lunate leaf resembling that of
“ thrakëntéio,” dissolving the spleen ; and in the added Synonyms identified with the “ splenion : ”
the best “ asplenum ” too, according to Pliny xxvii. 17, came from Crete: A. marantæ is termed
“ asplénium ramosum ” by Tournefort inst. 544; and was observed by Sibthorp on Crete, Cyprus,
and mount Athos. t
1063 B. C. ( = “ 8th y e a r ” after the death of Agamemnon, Horn. od. iii. 306), Mycenæ recovered
by his son Orestes, the lawful Argive k in g .— Who after acquiring Argos and Sparta, became the
most powerful chieftain of the Peloponnesus (Pind. pyth. xi. 24; Pausan. ii. iS, and others).
On the very day when Orestes was solemnizing the bnrial of his mother Clytemnaestra and of
Aegisthus (Horn. od. iv. 365, and “ 8 years after the fall of Troy ” Paus. iii. 22. 2), return of Menelaus
to Sparta.
Physalis (IVHhanid) somnífera of Arabia. Called in France “ coqueret somnifère (Fée), in
Greece “ tragi a ” (Fraas), in Egypt “ morgan” coral-fruited or “ sakeran” inebriating (Del.), in
Yemen “ bard e ” or “ dbab ” or “ uarak esschefa ” (Forsk.), in Malabar “ pevetti,” in Tamil “ amkoo-
lang,” in Telingan “ penerroo,” in Bengalee “ amkoolang” (Drur.) : and the “ nëpënthës ” drug brought
by Helen from Egypt and causing one to forget trouble — (Flomer od. iv. 221) : fragments of W.
somnifera, unrolled from Egyptian mummies, were identified by Kunth (Lindl.) : the plant was
observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, its “ leaves steeped in o i l ” applied “ to inflammatory
tumours” (Lindl.); again by Forskal, along the base of the mountains of Yemen. Farther North,
the “ halicacabum soporiferum ” or “ morion ” or “ moly ” used in prophesying by soothsayers, and
medicinally by Diodes, Evenor, and Timaristus, is according to Pliny xxi. 105 “ etiam opio velocius
ad mortem ; ” “ halicacabi co r te x ” is prescribed also by Celsus v. 20: the “ struhnos upnôthës ” is
described by Theophrastus ix. i t . 5 as growing in clefts and on sepulchres, and having hairy leaves
and bright red fruit ; by Dioscorides, as growing in stony places near the sea, and the bark of its
root placed in wine to procure sleep : W. somnifera was observed by Sibthorp in stony places on the
seashore of Cyprus and Euboea ; by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, farther inland in other parts of
Greece. Westward, is described by Clusius hist. ii. p. 85 (Spreng.); is termed “ alkekengi fructu
parvo verticillato ” by Tournefort inst. 151 ; and is known to occur in Spain (Cav. ii. pl, 103, and
Pers.). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Graham in “ the English burial ground, Bombay,”
growing also in “ both the Concans and Guzerat ; ” by Hamilton, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as
Travancore .and Bengal, its seeds used to coagulate milk (Drur.), its leaves according to Lindley
“ steeped in o i l ” and applied in a similar way as in Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to
Mexico (Pers,).
1062 B. C. ( = “ loth y e a r ” after the fall of Troy, Horn. od. iii. and xxiv. 322), Telemachus son
of Ulysses visiting Nestor at Pylos, and Menelaus at Sparta : before the close of the year, return of
Ulysses to Ithaca.
Triticum spelta of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain, Flolland, Denmark, Sweden,
and Germany spelt, in Spain “ espelta,” in France “ espeautre ” (Prior) or “ epeautre ” (Nugent), in
Italy “ spelta” or “ fa r ro ” or “ grano farro” (L en z ): the “ zëia ” mixed with barley and given to
horses in the Peloponnesus — (Horn. od. iv. 41 to 594), mentioned also by Flerodotus ii. 36, by Xenophon
anab. v. 4. 16 as cultivated in Pontus, by Strabo v. 2. 10 and vii. 5. 4 as cultivated in Illyria
and Umbria, by Mnesitheus of Cyzicus as cultivated in cold climates, by Theophrastus caus. iv. 6 as
“ póluhitóna” many-husked, is referred here by writers : “ z ë ia ” and “ tiphë” changing into wlieat is
mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 4. i and caus. viii. 9. 2, and the “ zëia thikokkós ” two-seeded kind
by Dioscorides: T . spelta was observed by Fraas rare in Greece, and experimentally cultivated :
farther Soutli, seeds exhumed in Egypt and regarded as of the time of the Pharaohs, were sent
by Ehrenberg to Heer (Le e ’s edit. Keller, 345), and the living plant was seen in Egypt by Belon.
Westward, “ f a r ” called “ semen” and anciently “ adoreum,” the only kind of grain eaten by the
Romans for “ three hundred y e a r s ” (Verrius) is mentioned also by Varrò, Virgil, Valerius Maximus,
Columella, by Pliny xviii. 10 to 19 as kept for seed in its envelopes “ in vaginulis suis,” and the
term “ farinarius ” mealman is employed by Cato : T. spelta occurs in the debris of the ancient lake-
villages of Switzerland (Troyon), has been cultivated from ancient times by the Celts and Germans
(Reynier p. 421), continues to be cultivated on mount Etna (Gemellar.) ancl throughout middle
Europe (Morison pl. 6, Hall, helvet., and Pers.). In its wild state, was observed by Michaux in
Persia near Hamadan, and by Olivier trav. iii. 460 on the Upper Euphrates (A. Dec.).
Cydonia vulgaris o f the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain quince, by Chaucer
“ coinè,” in France “ coing,” in Spain “ cotogna” (Prior), in Germany “ qu itte ” (Grieb), in Italy
“ cotogno ” or “ melo cotogno ” (Lenz), in Greece “ kuthónia ” (Sibth.), in Persia “ betana ” (A. Dec.),
in Egypt “ sefargel ” (Del.) : perhaps the original “ melón ” of the Greeks, the same word signifying
sheep, agreeing in their woolly coating and aspect on distant hills, and “ mëlinôs ” further signifying
yellow: the “ melón” was cultivated in orchards on I lh a ca— (Horn. od. vii. 115), is mentioned also
by Hesiod; “ kuthônea” from Cydon in Crete or “ kuthóni.a m ê la ” are mentioned by Stesichorus,
Solon leg., Theophrastus iv. 8. 11, Dioscorides, Plutarch conj. pr. i, and Athenaeus: C. vulgaris
was observed in Greece by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, both cultivated and in wild
situations; is known to grow also ajrparently wild in the Crimea and around Caucasus (Ledeb.).
Farther South, is called in Egyptian “ ôushë ” (Kirch.) ; was observed by Abd-allatif, Schems-eddin,
Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha, and the
seeds from the abundant mucilage substituted for flax-seed. Westward, the “ cydonia” is identified
by Pliny xv. 10 with the “ malum cotoneum ” of Cato vii. 2, and Varrò ; C. vulgaris is known to
grow in wild situations in Italy and Sardinia (BertoL, Moris, and Lenz), is naturalized in Sicily,
Algeria, Spain, and Portugal (Guss., Pers., Munby, and A. Dec.), and is besides cultivated as far as
Britain. Eastward from'Caucasus, is called in Hindustanee “ safargal ” or “ bih ” or “ darakht-i-bihi,”
in Bengali “ tahar phal ” (D ’roz.), and though having no Sanscrit name has been long cultivated in
Cashmere and Northern Hindustan (Roxb., and Royle ill. himal.) ; the seeds are besides “ imported
in considerable quantities from Persia ” and “ used medicinally by the natives ” (Little, and Graham).
By European colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay (Nimmo) ; to Japan (Thunb.) ; and
to Northeast America, where it continues under frequent cultivation.
Pubus fruticosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bramble or
blackbei-ry (Prior), in France “ ro n ce ” (Nugent), in Germany “ brombeere,” in Italy “ ro v o ” or
“ more ” or “ russa de mora ” (Lenz), in Greece “ vató ” or “ vatós ” (Sibth.) and the fruit “ móuris ”
(Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ v aton ” infesting orchards — (Horn. od. xxiv. 230), mentioned
also by Pindar olymp. vi. 90, Salmonius, Theophrastus, Nicander, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 3Ó :
R. fruticosus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from the Peloponnesus
to the Dardanelles and Smyrna. Farther South, the “ v a to s ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ aimóiós'’ or “ amëtrôs ” of the Egyptians, and “ aima titanou” or “ aima ivëôs ” of the prophets:
R. fruticosus was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border
of Eg yp t; and “ rubus root from Alexandria” was found by Forskal mat. med. in the Egyptian drug-
shops. Westward, the “ v a tó s ” is identified in Syn- Diosc. with the “ mantëia ” of the Dacians,
and “ sëntës ” or “ róuvóum ” or “ mòra vatikana ” of the Romans : the “ rubus ” is mentioned by
Horace, Virgil, Columella, Pliny xxiv. 73, and the morum of the “ rubetum ” bramble-thicket by Ovid
met. i. 104: R. fruticosus is termed “ r. vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. 614; was observed by Lenz
frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far
as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pl. 715).
1054, June 20th ( = 1073 y. 302|^| d. — “ 20 years ” of i Sam. vii. 2, “ wheat harvest ” of xii. 17
being determined by Usher to the end of May or beginning of June), Saul anointed king over the
Israelites ; with his power limited, especially in religious matters, and defined in a written record by
the prophet Samuel ( i Sam. x. 25, xiii. 9, and xv. 24).
Thamyris, son of Philammon, composing poetry after the fall of Troy — ( . . . . ) . He is mentioned
in the addition to Homer il. ii. 595 : some of his poetry continued extant in the days of Plato,
and two lines have been preserved by Plutarch cohib. ira 5.
Delphinium ajacis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens rocket larkspur
(Graliam), in Germany “ garten rittersporn ” (Fraas, and Lenz), on Zacynthus “ agrió linaró tóu
vóunóu ” (Sibth.) or at Constantinople “ kapóutzinós,” in Egypt “ ajakabuh ” (Forsk.) or “ ayakbouh ”
(Del,), in which we recognize the “ uakinthos ” flower said to have sprung from the blood of a beautiful
youth beloved by Thamyris and accidentally killed by Apollo — (Apollod. i. 3. 3) : the name
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