8 9 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
A c h i l l e a A e g y p t i a c a of the East Mediterranean countries. The “ absinthium seriphium ægyptiacum
” of Matthioli 511 — is referred here by Sprengel: A. Aegyptiaca is termed “ ptarmica incana
pinnulis cristatis ” by Tournefort cor. 37 and voy. i. pl. 87 as seen by him in the East; was observed
by Sibthorp on the mountains of Southern Greece and in Cyprus ; and farther East, is known to grow
around Astrakan (Pers.). „
C a t a n a n c h e c o e r u l e a of the West Mediterranean countries. Descnbed by Matthioli p. 847, —
Dodoens 638 (Spreng.), and Linnæus, and known to grow in Southwestern France and Barbary (Lam.
ill. pl. 658, and (Pers.) ; observed by Valle on Corsica (Spreng.).
M o l u c c e l l a læ v i s of Middle Asia. A Labiate annual : the “ melissa Constantinop.” of Matthioli
602— (Spreng.), further described by Caesalpinus xi. 24 as exotic in Italy, clearly corresponds : M.
lævis is termed “ molucca lævis ” by Tournefort inst. 187 ; is known to occur in Syria (Sabb. hort.
iii. pl. 45, and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground in the environs of Smyrna.
D r a c o c e p h a l u m M o l d a v i c u i n of Siberia. The “ melissa moldávica” of Matthioli 603 — is
referred here by Sprengel : D. Moldavicum is also described by Linnæus, and Lamarck ill. pl. 513 ;
has been long cultivated in gardens ; and according to Ciot-Bey and Figari, has recently by the way
of France been introduced into Egypt. In its wild state, D. Moldavicum is known to grow in Sibe-
^ J u n c u s b u f o n i i i s of Europe and Northern Asia. The “ holostium” of Matthioli 687 is
referred here by Sprengel: J. biifonius is termed “ j. palustris humilior erectus etiam repens” by
Tournefort inst. 246; was observed by Savi in Italy; by Desfontaines in Barbary; by Brotero in
Northern Portugal; and is known to grow along roadsides and in places subject to overflow throughout
middle and°Northern Europe as far as Lapland, and Iceland (Hook., Pers., and Wats.). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, frequent in moist situations in Greece ; by Delile, on
islands in the Nile.; is known to grow in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; was observed by Bieberstein-around
Caucasus; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. From Europe, was perhaps carried by colonists to
Northeast America, where it abounds along roadsides, and was observed by Lapylaie on Newfoundland,
by Drummond at Cumberland house in Lat. 54°, and by Nuttall on the Arkansas; to New
Granada, Chili, and Monte-Video (Kunth); to Austral Africa (Drège, and E. Mey.) ; to Southwest
Australia (Preiss , Lehm., and A. Dec.) ; and to New Zealand (J. D. Hook.).
A c e r a s a n t h r o p o p h o r a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain m a n
o r c h i s o x g r e e n -m a n o r c h i s i f ix x a x ) \ termed “ test, quintum ” by Matthioli 636— (Spreng.) “ o. flore
nudi hominis effigiem repræsentans, fcemina ” by Tournefort inst. 433, and known to grow throughout
middle Europe (Curt. lond. vi. pl. 66, Vaill. pl. 31, and Pers.) : observed by Haller pl. 23 in
Switzerland; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.).
A l l i u m V i c t o r i a l e of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ anguinum ” by Matthioli
422— (Spreng.), “ a. montanum latifolium maculatum” by Tournefort inst. 383, and known to
grow from France throughout middle Europe (Blackw. pl. 544, and Pers.) ; observed by Lecoq and
Lamotte in central and Southern France, by Thurmann on the Jura, by Godron in Lorraine, by Gra-
bowski in Silesia (A. D e c .); by Jacquin pl. 216, in Austria; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople.
“ In this year ” (Spreng., and Winckler), Andr. Lucana publishing annotat. m Diosc., and send-
in» plants to Matthioli, including D i g i t a l i s t h a p s i .
“ In this y e a r ” (Schmied. p. xxvii, and Spreng.), Franc. Calceolarius, an apothecary of Verona,
in company with Anguillara and Aldrovandus, ascending mount Baldo, “ 6860 fe e t ” in elevation
(Sternb.), meeting with C a m p a n u l a s a x a t i l i s , S e l i n u m l in e a r e . A n e m o n e B a l a e n s i s , and A r n i c a
W u l f e n i a n a . ,
R h o d o d e n d r o n c h a m a e c i s t u s of the Austrian Alps. The “ riiododapline alpina Aldrovand.” of
Gesner i. pl. clxxxi — may be compared : R. chamaecistus is known to grow on mount Baldo and in
Austria (Jacq. pl. 217, and Pers.).
marshes throughout Northern Europe (Pers.) ; and was received by Decandolle from Alsace on tlie
Upper Rhine. Eastward, was observed by Gmelin throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka ; and farther
East, by Chamisso on Chamisso Island and at Kotzebue Sound; by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound in
57°; ’ by Pariy, at Duckett Cove in Eastern Arctic America (Hook.).
' c h e n o p o d i u m g l a u c u m of Europe ? A g o o s e f o o t with leaves white-mealy underneath, the “ atriplex
sylv.” of Matthioli ii. 362 — according to Spreng. præf. ; described also by Bauhin hist. ii. pl.
473; termed “ c. concatenatum ” by Thuillier paris. 125; and occurring in wa.ste places from Denmark
throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 1151, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried
to Austral Africa (E. Mey., and A. Dec.) ; to Northeast America, ob.served by D. Murray in Rox-
bury near Boston, by Bromfield around Philadelphia, and by Porter around Lancaster Penns., (but no
specimens seen by A. Gray).
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 8 9 1
S a x i f r a g a a d s c e n d e n s of Subarctic Europe and mountain-summits farther South. Observed by
Calceolarius on mount Baldo — (Spreng.) ; by Linnæus, and Fries, in Scandinavia; by Ledebour, in
Esthonia ; by Lapeyrouse on the Pyrenees ; by Koch, on the Swiss Alps ; by Poecli, from the Tyro-
, lean Alps to mount Viso (A. Dec. 433) ; by Grisebach, at “ seven thousand feet ” on the mountains of
European Turkey ; and is termed “ s. controversa ” by Sternberg.
The same year (Mason ii. 28), arrival in Pegu of the first missionary, Bonferrus. — He remained
three years only.
1555, “ Feb. 6 th ” (S. F. ITaven in archæol. Amer. iv. 265), in consequence of the discoveries
beyond Cape North, a T r a d i n g c o m p a n y chartered in England by Philip and Mary; under the name
of the “ Muscovy” or “ Rus.sia company.” — In 1556, the title was changed to “ the Fellowship of
English merchants for the discovery of new trades ; ” the corporation continues in existence.
“ February ” (Alst.), in England, many persons of distinction, Protestants, burned alive. — Reminiscences
of “ bloody Mary ” have not disappeared from the mind of the English people to the present
day.
“ The same year ” (Pauth. 407), the coast of Tche-kiang in China invaded by the Japanese,
hitherto regarded as a tributary nation. After landing, to the number of “ four thousand,” the Japanese
were defeated and sought refuge in their ships. — In the following year, they returned “ ten
thousand ” strong, but were again repelled. And after an interval of “ seven ” years, a third attempt
proved in like manner unsuccessful.
“ Aug. 20th” (Schmied.), Gesner ascending mount Pilate, near Lucerne, meeting with “ gentiana
punicea” ii. fig. 92 G . p u r p u r e a , “ sedula montana pulchra ” tab. fig. v S a x i f r a g a s e d o id e s , “ sedi
minoris genus floribus luteis maculosis ” S a x i f r a g a a u H im n a l i s . He published an account of his
excursion before the close of the year, together with his Rar. et admirand. herb.
The C a n a r y b i r d , Friiigilla Canaria first mentioned by Gesner in this y e a r ,— and first fi»ured
by Aldrovandus (Beckm.). The bird was brought from the Canary Islands ; and as kept in ctoges,
has become familiarly known among civilized nations ; having doubtless been sometimes transported
into Egypt.
The same year ’ (Vega 3S8, and Holmes), the culture o f the g r a p e having been successfully
introduced into “ the city of Chili,” the historian Vega sent by his father Garcilasso de la Ve»a to
distribute bunches to different houses. ’
“ The same year ” (Maunder), Humaioon succeeded by his son Ackbar, now emperor of Northern
Hindustan.
F r i t i l l a r i a m e l e a g r i s of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain g u i n e a h e n or c h e c q u e r l i l y or
f r z H l l a r y from “ fritillus” dicebox (Prior), and about the middle of the Sixteenth century transferred
into gardens — (Beckm.) : described by Dodoens pempt. 233 ; observed by Pallas trav iv and v
wild on the Lower Volga ; has become naturalized in France, England, Holland, and as far as Sweden
(Blakst. in Huds. fl. 144, fl. Dan. pl. 972, Bromf., and A. Dec.).
F r i t i l l a r i a P e r s i c a of Central Asia. Brought about the middle of the Sixteenth century from
Persia — (Clus. rar. 11. 2, and Beckm.) : termed “ lilium persicum ” by Dodoens pempt. 220 (Spreng)
and Lobel hist. pi. 86 ; described also by Linnæus, and Redouté lii. pl. ; and occasionally cultivated
m the gardens of Europe and Northeast America.
“ 1556, J u ly ” (Haki., and Churchill coll.), arrival of Stephen Burrough in a small vessel at Nova
Zembla or the “ new land.” He here learned how to shape his course for the river Ob- but on
reaching the Straits of Weygats, “ found no passage, and the summer season being almost spent
returned to Colmogro ” in Russia. — After wintering here, the farther prosecution o f the vovao-e was
countermanded. ’ *
Sept. 15th (Alst.), departure for Spain of Charles V., leaving the government of Belmum to
his son Philip; and of Germany, to his brother Ferdinand, with letters requesting the electors to
make Ferdinand emperor.
“ The same y e a r ” (De Bry.), arrival of Lerius in Brazil: where the only plants common to
Europe were “ portulaca” ( P . o l e r á c e o ) , “ ocymo” (0 . A m e r i c a n u m ) , and “ Alice” ( P t e r i s a q u i l i n a )
fenong other novelties, he describes according to Sprengel C e r b e r a a h o v a i , “ h a tich ” i p o m o e a b l a -
t a f i i f o i i a , and Z a n n a f u r f u r a c e a !
M a ttlifo lf ^ to""kelbeen, physician to Busbequius, writing from Constantinople to
: ' i+
ill,If#''
:|Y
* A m y n s b a l s a m i f e r a o i i h o A N Indies. A tree seen by Lerius 202 in Brazil — accordin»
to Sprengel : A. balsamifera was observed by Sloane pl. 168, and P. Browne 208, on Jamaica“
From transported specimens, is termed “ lucinium” by Plukenet aim. pl. 201, is described also bv
Lmnæus. ^