beyond Hindu.stan. Westward from Egypt, according to Loiseleur-Deslongchamps cereal, p. 75, was
cultivated in the days of Pliny at Rome (A. Dec.) ; is termed “ t. spica villosa quadrata breviore et
turgidiore” by Morison viii. pl. i. f. 14, and seems well known in France and middle Europe (Linn.,
and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to America, but to what extent it m y be cultivated I
am not aware ; I remarked spikes intermixed with other kinds of wheat distributed in Oregon. (See
T. vulgare).
(crocodile’s tail signifying “ sk ö tö s” darkness, the shades of death ; the animal having
power chiefly in the tail, with which it kills its prey, Horap. i. 67) ; “ stshnë ” or “ ôutshsnë ”
or “ outshshnë” suddenly; “ .stsh ” or “ tshsha ” or “ tshjap” stroke, “ tshshotf ” to strike or crush
in : “ sh sh or” smoke; “ shörh ” nocturnal, “ shörah ” night; “ shomshëm ” or “ shomshm” or
“ shosm” darkness, the shades of death ; “ tsh sh ë ” to wipe away, abolish; “ sshrëht” or “ sshraht”
or “ .sjrëht” rest, silence ; — “ oshs ” to cover with pitch; in Hebrew “ shhwr” or “ sh h r” black,
“ sh h r ” dawn. The character occurs as early at least as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 120 and
diet. 75).
o guttural or ör or aw, the Greek “ omëga,” its pervading meaning awe.
A , (lion’s head signifying awe “ phôvëron,” Horap. i. 20) ; “ a u ” were, mark of past time;
[_ A “ nör j” or “ hour"” terror, horror; “ liour” to be terrified. — The character occurs from the
Eleventh dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 1 50, iii. pl. 132, and k. pl. 23 to 63).
The form Q of the Greek letter “ omèga” may be compared with a front view of the lion’s head.
(black pigeon “ përistëran ” signifying widow ; solitary crow “ köröne ” presaging widowhood,
Horap. ii. 30 and i. 8) ; “ orv ” or “ ôrév ” or “ ôrëv ” to close, shut up ; “ 5rj ” closed ; “ mauaat”
or “ raraauat” alone; “ ahöria ” solitauy bird ; — in Hebrew “ orv,” in Sanscrit “ karawa,” in
Greek “ korax ” and “ köröne,” in Latin “ corvus ” and “ cornix,” in French “ corbeau ” and
“ corneille,” in English “ crow.” The character occurs from the Third dynasty, to the Ptolemies
(Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, and k. pl. 5 to 52). ^ _
Tlie hieroglyphic character is clearly /bis cristaia; a Madagascar bird, so far as known, not
inhabiting the countries on the Nile.
“ aiihë ” to be conquered ; “ öms ” falling headlong, to descend into the depths ; — in
English “ fall.” The character occurs from the Seventeenth dynasty to the Nineteenth
(Leps. d. iii. pl. 5 to 165, k. pl. 32, papyri Brit, mus.. Buns, and Birch).
“ aule ” hall ; “ auet ” dwelling ; “ au ” or “ auis ” or “ auëis ” to reach ; “ haii ëvôl ” to reveal ;
in Hebrew “ awlm,” in Greek “ aule,” in Latin “ aula,” in English “ hall.” The character
^ occurs in the Book of the Dead 50 a 48. 35. c.
(serpent watching or keeper of the world, signifying watchful king, Horap. i. 57) ; “ orf ” to
/UAV guard, keep; “ au re j” end. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the
Twentieth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. d. 111. pl. 226, and
k. pi. 61 to 67). _ - , . .
ür or ùm, humming, the sound uttered with closed lips or the musical element of the voice, its
pervading meaning knowledge ; the interjection “ hem ! ” or “ humph ! ” or “ mum ! ”
(owl “ nuktikörax ” signifying death ; for the bird attacks nestlings unexpectedly in the n 0 it ,
as death comes unexpectedly, Horap. ii. 24) ; “ vom” or “ v o n ” or “ möulaj ” or “ möulöuj ”
nycticorax or owl; “ krmrm ” or “ krmrëm” or “ hrëmrëm” murmuring; “ mouout” or
“ môôut” or “ mööut” or “ maöu ” to kill, to die ; “ maöut ” dead ; “ möu” death ; “ ëmi” knowledge;
— in Hebrew “ ëm ë ” murmuring or humming; further, in Hebrew “ myd,” in Sanscrit “ mid” and
“ medh ” and “ meth ” and “ mith ” and “ math ” and “ muth ” and “ mri,” in Zend “ mret” ” in Pehlevi
“ murdeh,” in Malay “ mita,” in Spanish “ mata,” in Greek “ mörtös,” in Latin “ mors,” in German
“ mord,” ’in F r e n c h mort,” in English “ mortal” and “ murder;” also the owl regarded among the
Greeks’ as the “ bird of wisdom.” The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case and irom
the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, and k. pl. 5 to 62).
The species selected, as appears from coloured figures on the Gliddon mummy-case,
and
from the outline figure under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3) is the barn owl, Strix flammea ;
a bird known to inhabit Egypt, as well as Europe, Asia, and North America.
(soul “ psuhen” long delaying in this life, represented by the phoenix bird, Horap. 1. 32);
“ psuhe” life, s o u l ;— in Hebrew “ nshmë ” soul. The character occurs as early as the Fourth
dynasty (Leps. ii. pl. 96) ; is further traceable in the Phoenician alphabet ; and the butterfly is
well known to have been a symbol of the soul among the Greeks.
Various species of butterfly are known to inhabit E g yp t— (Clot-Bey ii. 90): and apart from
hieroglyphic writing, one or more apparently exotic species are figured under the Twelfth dynasty at
Benihassan.
(phoenix signifying returning home after long journeying, Horap. i. 33 : also renewal after a
ng interval, the dead phcenix being buried by the Egyptian priests, Horap. ii. 54); “ thSms ”
or “ thorns ” or “ thbms ” or “ tamSs ” or “ tSms ” or “ toms ” o r “ t6ms ” to bury ; “ thgmid ”
lU , also under the . . . . dynasty (papyr., and Buns, and Birch).
d, in Greek “ nt,” its or “ do ou ” or “ dloulai” or “ dsoou” or “ ds6it ” or
panegyry-festival; dSau ^ r e b u k e— The character occurs under the Third
höid” hyæna; “ doui” or “ douoei ’'
‘ d-èhrèn ” or
T o r “ douoi" or "Ci-ouut lu a.,,.,-, ua»(-nntest — The character occurs
“ d-égòun” or “ douvè ” (or “ d-ouvé” ) to r^tst, carry combination
from the Fourth dynasty to the J / ’ T m s o u n d l the ' ! .’ dy’nasty (Champ, gram 3 7 9 . 4 3 6 , diet,
quest (Leps. k.^pl.&).^^^^^ or “ ta a ” or “ tè i” or “ tb ” giving, to Mve ; “ émhau ” or “ mhau”
JI
Ion
.ep.ild.re or tomb t “ tl.mhao ” li,torment 1 j .i t o .™ " « i S l i l
Y ‘ R t « “ " H ib io ” TM "» rn c to r occtmo in tl.o Book oi
II of departed spirits) ; “ d-hap to judge. cr iLeos k pl 5 to 63). The combination
a id from foe F if th dynasty to the end of b.erog^^^^^^^ .„ te lower
0 occurs under the
JU portion of this com M bination p A P fLeps. d. ii. pl. 3 and 82).
mounted by a hawk 0 undefohe L_A out called in Egypt and Yemen “ doum ” or
■ Hyphcene cncifera of Abyssinia. ^ J . J J J ' / ?ts fronds together with matting, brought down
“ dom” (Forsk.) ; and flag-shaped Jn s p la ito d j intervals in a garden figthe
Nile as early as foe invention of "'” ‘0 0 / rh am p -F i“ eac pl. 55) ; the “ koukiojrhoron ” is
ured under the Seventeenth or Eighteenti ^ J ¿M-palm, but foe trunk branching, the
mentioned by Theophrastus 1. J J J f o to filfth e hand and in part edible ; Egyptian “ kok-
tiraber superior in quality, the fiuit lar .. ® i. „oi ” bv Pliny xiii. 18 as resembling the
k in a ” maJing is enumerated by Strabo - J J : fronds of H. cucifera accorddate
palm, its a id 1 ’witnessed th ejfiaitin g both of mats and fl^-shaped
ing to Delile are made in Upp 0 1 : cucifera made its first appearance in Lat. 27° 25 , and con-,
fans at Mocha. In ascending the Nile, H. iourney at foe First cataract; beyond
tinned scattered on foe nver-flat cfoarly exo 1 ™ j maro-in in Nubia as far as foe border of
(according to delile, and Greville), it groiTO gome instances to the extent of rendering the
Abyssinia, sheltering the development of foom its fronds, was vissoil
fit for cultivation ; an encampment at Atb. , , ^ ^ Forskal under cultivation along the
bnd b , Bmckbnrd. « M b S , f . . i d . . , , , pl.n.ed. B , E .n p p ..«
« T i .d to Hli.d.im« Jn R r i ‘ndT'“ n” iit im - bounUfol; “ nb«» " or
letters in Gen. xii. 45 : compare also the Hebrew wo m«™!- r u J k . ix. 4 to 6). The charachand
mill, and the twenty-third and last J ' J .0 0 dynasty"to the Roman conquest (Book of
ter occurs on the munmiy-c^e a J fiom fo 1 h r U y
foe Dead xlvii. 125. 39, Leps. d n. ph 6, fo™ -^of the same letter in later
form f of the Phoenician totter ^ 6'v and Celtiberian. In fact, foe form T of
J i