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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
M . loos B. C. ( = 99S y. 8 mo. + “ 9 + 6 years ” o f both Maneth. tables), Araënôphthis
^ succeeded by Osöhör, fifth king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name of Hor
Petukhanu has been found on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. k. pl. 43).
“ 1004 B. C. the beginning of the Cali Y u g or Iron Age ” among the Hindus
(Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), Bhutagetu reigning not
earlier tlian thi.s date . . . . ,
1003, December ( = 1005 y. 1165% d. — “ 4th y e a r ” of i K. vi. i and 2 Chron. ni. 2, Josephus c. A.
i. iS to ii. 2 giving “ I2th year of Hirom” and “ 612 y e a r s ” after the exclusion of the Hyksos _
1002, = Jewish date of the Exodus 1312 — “ 40 — 8 — 32 — 18 62 20 20 7 33 — 22
_ 3 _ 3 _ 2 o — 40 — 40 — 4 years ” of Euseb. i. p. 77 and ii. p. 300 = 372 years of ten monfos
= 310 years of twelve months), the temple at Jerusalem commenced by Solomon. (The above period
of “ 6i2 y e a r s ” is also given by Theophilus of Antioch; with slight variation, by Clemens Alexandrinus
; and in one instance, even by Eusebius. See Clint, i. p. 306 to 311).
The fANNUl f twkyym brought in Solomon’s ships ( i K. x. 22, and 2 Chron. ix. 21) are
referred by Hieronymus and Syriac and Hebrew authorities to the peacock. The bird has been
already noticed; but the word “ twkyym,” I am informed by Rev. Mr. Hoisington is Tamil; the
therefore already in existence (see cinnamon).
In reference to the “ almug tree s ” brought up the Red Sea in Solomon’s ships, — I
ascertained, that to this day, the wooden joists for supporting floors and the flat roofs at Moclia,
are imported ready-hewn from Zanzibar.
“ looi B. C. = is t year of Mou-wang, of the Tcheou” or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
Ninety-ninth generation. Jan. ist, 1000, mostly beyond youth: the prophet Ahijah ( i K. xi. 29
and 2 Chron. ix. 29), Shimei of Bahurim- ( l K. ii. 8, and 3Ó to 46) ; Rezon king of Damascus and
Syria (t K. xi. 24), Hezion grandfather of Ben-hadad ( i K, xv. 18), Abdemon of Tyre (Dius and
Menand. Ephes. in Jos. c. A. i. 1 7 ) : and among Greeks, the Heraclid chieftain Hippotus, father
of Aletes (Oenom., and Pausan. ii. 4. 3), Autesion father of Theras and Argia (Strab. viii. p. 347,
and Paulan, ix. 8). -r- i_ i
~ “ 999 B. C. ( = 9S9 y. 8 mo. -j- “ 9 years ” of both Maneth. tables, the Euseb.-Maneth.
table also giving 112S — “ 130 yrs ” = 998), Osöhör succeeded by Psinahes, sixth
king o f the Twenty-first dynasty. The name of king Petuhanu occurs on contemporaneous
monuments— (Leps. k. pl. 43).
— Stamped leather bands, according to Birch, have been found on mummies of the
time of the Twenty-first dynasty. — Similar bands of morocco leather, stamped with the name of a
kiim of the Twenty-third dynasty, were found on the mummy recently unrolled in Boston. I procured
at Thebes pegged morocco shoes, saturated with bitumen and therefore taken from mummies ; also,
part of a sash of soft leather having the margin cut, as if by machinery, into lace-like fringe.^
997 B. C. ( = 1003 — “ 7 years ” of ten lunations of i Kings vi. 38), completion of Solomon’s ternple.
992 B. C. ( = 1 1 6 9 — “ 92 — 85 y e a r s ” of Diodorus in Euseb. i. 36, and Syncell.), “ T h ird ”
change in naval dominion ; leaving the Pelasgians, the “ Empire of the se a ” acquired by the Thracians.
— Held by them “ seventy-nine ” years.
991 B. C. ( = 1071 — “ 80 y e a r s ” of Herodot. ix. 26, Thucyd. i. 12, Eratosth., and Apollod. ;
compare Horn. il. iv. 40 to 53, and a date probably marking the same event in Egyptian chronological
tables, the Egyptian Chronicle giving 1413 — “ 194 — 228 years ” = 991 = H U — “ 32 6 12
_ I 2 — 5 — I — 1 9 — SI — 6 1 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — 135 = 32 — 6 — 1 2 — 1 2— 5 — I — 19 —
209_130 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table). Fourth invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ,
led by Temenus, Aristodemus, and Chresphontes, sons of Aristomachus ; and Argive power overthrown
: an event called also the “ return of the Heraclidæ ” or the “ Dorian conquest.” Previous
attempts by land having failed, the attack was made by sea; and as the worship of Hercules came
from Phoenicia (Herodot.), it is worthy of note, that Hiram and Solomon were now reigning. —
Friendly relations between an Arab tribe and the Boeotians and people of^ the Peloponnesus, on
account of Hercules, continued in the days of Agatharchides 95 ; and a continuous bond of friendship
between the Lacedæmonians and Jews, is mentioned by Josephus a. J. xii. 4.^ 10 and xiii. 5. 8.
Cypselus son of Aepytus, reigning in Arcadia at the time of the Dorian invasion— (Pausan. vin.
3. 4., and Clint, i. p. 92). . . . . .
The worship of the Pelasgian Juno at Argos, and of the Pelasgian and Lelegian Diana in Laconia,
adopted and continued by the Dorian settlers (Pausan. iii. 14. 2, iv. 4. 2, 31. 3, and Clint, i. p. xiii).
990 B. C. ( = 989 y. 8 mo. = 332 + “ 6 + 4 + 6 + 20 + 21 y. 4 mo. -J- 6 + 120 y.
4 mo. -[-163 + 44 + 44 + 4 4 + 4 9 + 130 years ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table = 975 y.
8 mo. + “ H y e a r s ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table, see B. C. 991), Psinahes succeeded
by Psôusënnës IL, seventh king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name of king
Pisem II. occurs on the temple of Khons at Thebes, with evidence that he was at the
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same time a priest (Glid. analect., and Leps. k. pl. 43); but according to Birch, he may belong earlier
in the dynasty.
The same year = “ 12th year of Mou-wang” (of the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 96), fribute
Ghinghintalas in Central Asia, is described by Marco Polo 60.
986 B. C. ( = “ 7 -[- 13 = 20 years ” of ten lunations of i Kings vi and vii, and 2 Chron. viii, i),
completion of Solomon’s palace, or “ his own house.”
The S + h ndr of Proverbs xxv. 20 — is admitted to be natron; an impure carbonate of soda
found at the bottom of lakes in Egypt and the neighbouring Desert countries; the “ ndr ” is also
mentioned by Jeremiah ii. 22; the “ litron” or “ nitron” by Herodotus ii. 86, and Strabo; the
“ nitrum,” by Columella, and Pliny ; and one of the natron lakes of Egypt is described by Forskal
p. xiv.
The 9792 zbwb of Ecclesiastes x. i — is clearly the house fly, Musca . . . . Swarms of flies
“ muiaôn ” are mentioned by Homer il. ii. 469; the “ musca ” and “ muscarium ” or fly-flap, by Varrò,
Cicero, and Martial. Eastward, the house-fly was observed by myself to be aboriginally introduced
throughout the inhabited islands of the Pacific. By Polynesians too, the insect may have been first
introduced into America : but numbers were doubtless brought by European colonists.
Sinapis A llio n ii of Syria and Egypt. A species of wild mustard called in Egypt “ karilli”
(Forsk.) or “ qarilleh” (Del.), and the V l S M hrwl of Proverbs xxiv. 31, — Job xxx, 7, and Zephaniah
ii. 9, may be compared: S. Allionii was observed by Forskal around Alexandria; by Delile, an
abundant weed in flax-crops, its leaves sold at Cairo and eaten as cress. As transported to Europe,
is described by Jacquin hort. v. ii. pl. 168, and the younger Linnæus (A i t ) .
Mains sylvestris of Europe and Caucasus. Called in Britain apple, in Anglo-Saxon “ æpl ” or
“ æppel,” in Welsh “ afal,” in Sweden “ æple,” in Denmark “ æble,” in ancient Danish “ epli,” in
Germany “ apfel,” in Old High German “ aphol,” in Lithuanian “ obelis ” or “ obolys,” in Letloriian
“ ahboli ” (Prior), in Bretagne and Cornwall “ aval,” in Polish “ gabion,” in Russian “ jablon,” in
Illyrian “ jabluka,” in Biscay “ sagara” (Moritz.), in Italy “ melo selvatico” or “ meluggino” and the
cultivated fruit “ mela” or “ porno” (Lenz), in Greece “ agriômëlia” (Sibth.) or by the Turks Tartars
and Hungarians “ alma ” (Moritz.), in Egypt “ tiffah ” (Del.), in which we recognize the M « +
dphwh of Proverbs xxv. 11, — Cant ii. 3 and viii. 5, and Joel i. 12; M. sylvestris was observed by
Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation on the mountains
of Yemen ; and fruit was seen by myself at Mocha, worn in turbans for ornament, and as
throughout the Arab countries hardly edible, chiefly prized for its odour. Farther North, the “ glu-
kunialSn ” of Sappho, and Theocritus xi. 39, is identified by,Dioscorides with the “ mëlimëla the
“ mëlëa agria ” is mentioned by Theophrastus caus. vi. 24, and Dioscorides ; and M. sylvestris was
observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece and seldom cultivated. V/estward,
the “ pomum ” is mentioned by Cato, by Cicero as pleasant to the sight and taste and also fragrant ;
a “ sanguineus” blood-red variety is mentioned by Pliny xv. 15, also the blushing “ appiana” obtained
by Appius Claudius grafting on the “ cotoneo,” and its name continued in the French “ pomme
d’api ” (Pers., and A. Dec.) : to the time of Tacitus 28, the Germans lived partly on “ agrestia
poma ; ” piles or posts of wild apple occur in the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland, also intermingled
larger fruit of a variety that appears to have been cultivated (Troyon p. 16 to 40, and Heer).
M. sylvestris is termed “ m. s. fructu valde acerbo ” by Tournefort inst. 634 ; is known to grow wild
in middle Europe and on Caucasus (Ledeb.), and is cultivated as far as Lat. 64° (A. Dec.). Eastward
from Caucasus, is called in Sanscrit “ seb a ” (Pidd.), in Hindustanee “ seb ” (D ’roz.); was
observed by Burns under cultivation in Scinde, by Royle at Cashmere, by Graham “ in gardens Bombay
” but “ the Deccan suits b e t te r ;” by Bunge in Northern China, and according to Loureiro is
called in Chinese “ pim-po.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues abundantly cultivated throughout our Northern and Middle States.
Solanum cordatum oiTxopiedX hx?M\a.. Called there “ hadak ” (Forsk.), and the PAH hthk of
Proverbs xv. 19, — and Micah vii. 4, is referred to a prickly Solanum by Abulfadli, and Celsius ; the
“ hadak” is mentioned also by A. A . Elnabati, by Ebn Baitar as growing in Yemen, abounding also
in a garden at Malaria near Cairo : S. cordatum was observed by Forskal in Yemen, its stem somewhat
prickly and berries as large as a pea.
Solanum sanctum of Nubia, Tropical Arabia, and as far as the Dead Sea. Called in Nubia
“ kaderambes” (Del.), in Yemen “ beikaman ” or “ soræj sah an ” (F o r sk .) ; and the tree of Solomon—
is identified by Hermes with the “ siradsch elkuthrub,” mentioned also by Eltamini, and Ebn
Baitar: “ thënthra karpôphôra mëlëais ëmphërë ” at the Taricheas lake, are mentioned by Strabo
xvi. 2. 45 ; apples of Sodom fair to the eye but when plucked becoming dust and ashes, are menm
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