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164 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
colomsts, carried together with taro culture to the Feejee Islands, observed.by myself on the artificial
pools there. (See L. gibba).
, 1105 B. C. {— “ I I t h year of Tching-wang,” Pauth. 88), death of the regent Tcheou-koung; distinguished
also as an astronomer and literary man. He was acquainted with the properties of the
right-angle triangle, measured the elevation of the pole and length of the solstitial shadow, and built
an observatory, which is still pointed out in the city of Teng-foung in Ho-nan. Some of his poetry
and other writings are also extant. By Tsheu-Kung (according to Humboldt cosm. iv. p. 125) the
earliest Chinese astronomical observations, and the meridian shadows in the two Solstices measured,
making the Obliquity of the Ecliptic “ 23° 54' or 27' greater — than in 1850.”
Tching-wang made war against the Toimgi or Oriental tribes ; regarded as all belonging to Corea
(comment. Chou-king, and geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. p. 152).
“ Some time after the Argonautic Expedition ” (Clint, p. 64), Medea of Colchis at Athens on the
arrival there of Theseus, at this time a “ méirakión ” boy of about fourteen (Plut. thes. 6). His
father Aegeus, tenth Attic king, now reigning.
Colchicum aultimnale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain meadow
saffron or naked ladies, in Germany “ nakte jimgfern ” (Prior) or “ zeitlose ” (Grieb), in France “ col-
chique” (Nugent), in Greece “ volhikon” (Sibth.); and the “ épheméron” discovered by Medea —
(Nicand. ther. 849 and alex. 250), mentioned as deadly by Theophrastus ix. 16. 6, is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ kólhikón ” of Dioscorides, growing mostly in Messenia and Colchis, putting forth
a whitish saffron-like flower late in the autumn, and its bulbous root when eaten fa ta l: C. autumnale
was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Parnassus to Constantinople ; and is enumerated by Clot-
Bey as long known in Egypt. Westward, the “ kólhikón” or “ vólvón agrión ” is identified in Syn.
Diosc. with the “ vóulvóum agréstém ” of the Romans ; “ colchicon ” is enumerated among poisons
by Pliny xxviii. 33 ; and C. autumnale is described by Maranta simpl. p. S3 (Spreng.), is termed “ c.
commune ” by Tournefort inst. 348, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain
(Hall., and Pers.). Its root and seeds according to Lindley “ are used extensively in the manufacture
of veratria, and in various ” medicinal preparations.
1103 B. C. — “ 26th year of Ramessu X I I .,” on a second application for medical aid for the
queen's sister, the ark of the god Khons sent to Bakhtan ; represented on the tablet as borne by
twelve priests — (Birch, and Mariette 98. Compare Amos v. 26).
1 102 B. C. “ Little more than thirty years before the fall of T r o y ” (Clint, i. p. 87, see also
Homer il. xxxiii. 670 and od. xi. 271), Oedipus succeeded by Eteocles, as king of Boeotian Thebes.
As Erginus reigned at Orchomenus “ till within thirty years of the fall of T r o y ” (Clint, i. p. 49),
the war against him in which Amphytrion was slain, possibly not earlier than the last-named date.
n o t B. C. ( = 1071 + “ not more than 30 y e a r s ” of Clint, i. p. 51, and during the infancy of
Diomed, il. vi. 222 and xiv. 121), the First war against Boeotian Thebes ; conducted by Adrastus
king of Argos and Sicyon, accompanied by Tydeus, Amphiaraus, and four other chieftains, of whom
Adrastus alone lived to return. The rival brothers Polyneices and Eteocles were both slain, and
Laodamas son of Eteocles became king of Boeotian Thebes.
The same year (= 1103 — “ seventeen months” on the tablet), arrival of the ark of Khons in
Bakhtan — (Birch).
The inscription in hexameter verse on Laodamas’ votive tripod (copied by Herodotus v. 59) is an
early specimen of Greek poetry. The inscription was in the “ Cadmean letters.”
Ninety-sixth generation. Jan. ist, iioo, mostly beyond youth; Obed (Ruth iv. 22, and i Chron.
ii. 12); the high-priest Uzzi ( i Chron. vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Josep. v. 11. 15): and among Greeks,
Idomeneus grandson of Minos (Horn. il. xiii. 450, and od. xix. 178) ; the Phrygian poet and flute-
player Olympus, a pupil of Marsyas (Plat, Plut., Clem. Alex., and others) ; the sculptor Daedalus
Naus. ix. 40. 3 and x. 17. 4).
1098, August ( = 1097 y. 240 d. 1 1 13 y. 302 d. — “ 20 years ” of ten lunations, Judg. xv.
20), death of Samson. The death of Hercules corresponds (as deduced by Clinton i. p. 78 from
Greek authorities, “ 26 years before the fall of T r o y ” = 1097). Hercules is described by Homer as
a military chieftain, who wore armour and led an army. By Herodotus and other Greek writers,
Hercules is admitted to have been a Phoenician ; and his identity with Samson — is confirmed by the
fact (recorded by Menander Ephes. in Jos. a. J. viii. 3. i and c. A. i. 18) that the temple to “ Hercules
” at Tyre was built by king Hiram. Friendship towards Greeks of “ Boeotia and the Peloponnesus
on ly ” (Cadmean and Dorian) was extended by Arab tribes on the Red Sea in the time of
Arotharchides 95. (See Dorian conquest of the Peloponnesus).
" Before the close of the year ( = 1103 — “ i y. 5 mo — 3 y- 9 mo ” in the tablet), after a detention
of “ three years and nine months,” departure from Bakhtan of the ark of Khons, the chief
having been warned in a vision — (Birch).
1096 B. C. = “ 19th of Mechir in the 33d year of Ramessu X I I .,” return of the ark of Khons to
the temple of the god at T h eb e s— (Leps. k. tab. p. 19, and Birch).
1095 B. C. ( = 1071 -J- “ 25th y e a r ” of Euseb., see also Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 21), accession
of Teutamos as Assyrian emperor.
The same year ( = 1091 + “ 4 years ” of Apollod. ii. 8, 2, see also Horn. il. xix. 123, Thucyd. i. 9,
Euseb. ii. p. 288, and Clint, i. p. 106, Castor’s numbers corresponding very closely 991 “ 105 years
of the Pelopidæ ” = 1096), the Argive king Eurystheiis son of Sthenelas 11., slain in battle ; succeeded
by two sons of Pelops, Thyestes at Mycenae, and Atreus at Argos.
As early possibly as this date, Jewish colonists settling at the Southern extreme o f Arabia.—
An offshoot of these colonists is perhaps found in the Zaffe-Hibrahim inhabiting the island of Nossi
Hibrahim and neighbouring portion of Madagascar : who brought with them Geomancy or foretelling
by fingers, practise circumcision, will not intermarry with strangers, observe Saturday, claim descent
from Abraham, and have retained the names of Noah, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and Moses ; but know
nothing of later prophets, nor of the author of Christianity, nor of Mohammed, whose followers they
regard as “ Caffres ” or destitute of laws (Flacourt præf.).
Theseus on his expedition against the Marathonian bull hospitably entertained by a poor old
woman named Hecale, — in whose honour he subsquently ordained in Attica a sacrifice, to her and
Zeus Hecalus (Callim., Ov. rem. am. 747, and Plut. thes.).
Sonchus oleraceus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Old German “ du-tistel,” in Anglo-
Saxon “ thuthistel ” or “ thufethistel ” all meaning sprout thistle, in Ortus Sanitatis 148 “ suwe-distel ”
or “ saw-distel,” in current English sow thistle (Prior), in current German “ gansedistel ” (Grieb), in
France “ laiteron ” (Nugent), in Italy “ cicerbita ” or “ sonco ” (Lenz), in Greece “ s 5hos ” (Sibth.),
in Egypt “ g a la y l” or “ libb e yn ” (Del.) ; in which we recognize the “ sonchos” placed by Hecale
before Theseus — (Callim., and Plin.), mentioned as esculent by Dioscorides, and the “ a lbu s” kind
by Cleemporus (Plin. xxii. 44) ; the “ soghos ” is also mentioned by Matron, Antiphanes, Hegesander,
Theophrastus, Erasisfratus, Nicander, as medicinal by Agathocles, and Zenon, and was known to
Athenaeus in Egypt; S. oleraceus was observed by Sibthorp frequent in waste and cultivated ground
throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo in Egypt. W es tward,
is described by Tournefort inst. 474; was observed by Forskal on Malta as well as near Marseilles
;.and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan.
pl. 682, Fries, and Wats.). Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal among the mountains
of Yemen and called “ mjTrejr,” and was received from Abyssinia by Richard. Eastward, is known
to grow throughout Siberia and in Nepal (Ledeb., and Wats.) ; was observed by Nimmo “ at Surat,”
and by Lush “ in Deccan gardens ” (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ;
by Blume, on Java ; by Thunberg, in Japan, irequent and called “ fsitsikusa ; ” and probably by Polynesian
navigators was carried throughout the islands of the Pacific to New Zealand (where it was
found by Cook and Forster) and Southeast Australia (where it was found by R. Brown). Clearly by
European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it has extended
itself from Newfoundl.ind to our Southern States (Chapm.) and throughout Canada to the Saskatchawan
and mouth of the Columbia (Hook.), following the fur traders as verified bj' myself at Fort
Nisqually on Puget Sound ; to the West Indies (Swartz, and Wydl.), Rio Janeiro and Buenos Ayres
(herb. Dec.), Patagonia and Peru (observed by myself), Chili, the Chonos archipelago, Falkland
Islands, and Tristan d’Acunha (Hook., and A. Dec.) ; to the Mauritius Islands (Bojer) ; to Southwest
Australia, where it was unknown before English settlement (J. Drummond in Hook, journ.
1840) ; to the remote Aukland Islands, the only evidence of prior visits of mariners obtained by Dr.
Silas Holmes on our Expedition ; seems in fact the pioneer of plants accompanying man, the first to
acquire foothold even within the Tropics.
beloved of Theseus, — the plant in consequence protected by law among the lonians inhabiting Caria
(Plut. thes. viii): the “ aspharagon ” is mentioned also by Cratinus, Pherecrates, Phrynichus, Ameip-
sias, Antiphanes, Theopompus, Athenaeus ii. p. 240 ; and the “ asparagos pgtraibs ” of Dioscorides
is identified in the added Synonyms with the “ muon ” or “ muakanthan : ” A . acutifolius was observed
by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Chaubard, abounding
in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ myacanthon ” or “ hormenum ” or “ libycum ” or “ silves-
trem asparagum” is identified by Pliny xvi 67 and xx. 43 with the “ corruda ” of Cato and others ;
A . acutifolius is termed “ a. foliis acutis ” by Tournefort inst. 300 ; was observed by Forskal near
Marseilles; is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, its young sprouts eaten (Pers.).
Asparagus aphyllus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece by the same names as
the preceding (Sibth.), in Egypt “ a’aqoul” or “ shouk ” (Del ) ; and probably included with the preceding
species: — the “ aspliaragos ” is enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 4. i as one o f the two leafless
plants known to him : A. aphyllus is termed “ a. creticus fruticosus crassioribus et brevioribus
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