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Dionysius Thrax ; the rhetors, Hermagoras, Athenaeus, Apollonius of Allabanda, Apollonius Molon
Dionysius of Magnesia, Menippus of Caria, Aeschylus of Cnidus, and Xenophanes of Adramyttium •’
other Greek writers, Athenodorus Cordylio : the Latin writers, Pomponius Bononiensis the dramatist’
Quinctius Atta the comic dramatist ; the historians, Cornelius Sisenna, Claudius Ouadrio-arius and
Valerius Antias ; the orators, Rutilius Rufus, and M. Antonius ; the grammarians, Aelius Lanuv’inus
Servius Claudius, and Aurelius Opilius ; the rhetors, Plotius Gallus, and Otacilius.
In this year ( = “ tyoth ol.,” Sm. b. d.), the Greek poet Meleager collecting the Antholoria
H e wrote the epitaph of an elder contemporary poet Antipater of Sidon.
^ Centaurea cyanus of the mountains of Sicily. Called in Britain bluebottle or corn-flower (Prior)
in Germany “ kornbkime ” (Grieb), in France “ aubifoin ” or “ bluet ” (Nugent), in Italy “ fior d’aliso ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ kuanos ” (Scarlat), in which we recognize the
K y A N 0 C of Meleager coron. i. 40, — unknown in the time of Alexander accordin» to Pliny xxi 24
and discovered by and named from the colour of the flowers by G reeks: C. cyanus was obseived
by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to occur sparingly .as far as Caucasus
(Bieb.). Farther South, the “ libah” of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer; and C cyanus
IS enumerated by CIot-Bey as recently introduced by way of France into Egypt. Westward the
‘ cyanus is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 39 as occurring in Italy ; C. cyanus has been found in the débris
OT ancient lake-villages in Switzerland; is termed “ flores frumentorum” in the Ortus Sanitatis
(I nor), “ cyanus segetum flore cæ ruleo” by Tournefort inst. 446 ; is extensively cultivated in Italy
+ e n ., and Poll.) ; occurs as a weed in grain-fields from Algeria and Sardinia throughout Europe as
lar as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 993, Munby, Moris, and B oiss.); but seems indigenous only in sunny
mountainous situations in Sicily, where it was observed by Gussone ii. p. 509 (A De c ) By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues as a garden flower and has
0 ides been found along roadsides and in waste ground (Dari., and A. Gray) ; was also carried to
Hindustan, where it was observed by Law “ in gardens ” (Graham).
Hardly later tlian this date, Armenia Minor ceded by its ruler Antipater to Mithridates VI ■
who grown to manhood extended his conquests Eastward and Northward, over the whole of Colchis
and even beyond Caucasus over wild tribes along the Tanais. — His protection sought in conse-
quence by Paensades king of Bosporus and by the Greek cities of Chersonesus and Olbia and
th ro n g his generals Diopliantus and Neoptolemus, the barbarians of the North, Sarmatiané and
Roxolang were defeated; a success marked by “ a fortress called the tower of Neoptolemus at the
mouth of the river Tyras ” or Dniester (Strab., and Sm. b. d.).
“ The same y e y r= ist year of the ‘ thian-han ’ of Wou-ti ” — (Chinese chron. table).
“ 98 B. C.” (Clint ), Lusitania (Portugal) conquered by the Romans under L. C. Dolabella
“ About the beginning of the first century B C.” (Gai. antid. ii. 8, and Sm. b. d.), an anddote
composed by Zopyrus of Alexandria, and communicated by letter to Mithridates V I.
Chnopodtum P ym ie ri of the East Mediterranean countries. The “ zôpurôn” — or “ ôkimSëi-
thës or “ klëônikon” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ klinôpôthiôn ” of Dioscorides, growin»
upon rocks and two span high, with flowers resembling the leg of a bedstead, is referred here
Fraas :^riie account by Plmy xxiv. 87 of the “ zopyron ” or “ ocymoides ” or “ cleonicion ” or “ cliiio-
podion, though disagreeing on some points, seems taken from Dioscorides ; C. Plumieri was
observed by Fraas on the Iiigh mountains of Greece.
Matthiula fenestrahs of the East Mediterranean countries. The OeONNA of Zoityrus—
(Orib. X I V . 45), growing according to Dioscorides in the part of Arabia facing Egypt, yellow-flowered
Its leaves “ « 0 0 ’’-like but often perforated, growing in Syria according to Pliny xxvii. 85, may bé
0 ip a r e d : M. fenestrahs is described by Miller diet. 10, and Linnæus dec. pl. 16 ; was observed bv oibthorp on the maritime rocks of Crete.
^ y w r a of Sicily and Southern Italy. The KPÂMBH : Af PIA of Zopyrus - (Orib.
xiy. 65), growing according to Dioscorides mostly in maritime and precipitous places, and resembling
the cuhivated kind but whiter and more hairy and bitter, identified in the added Synonyms with
vrassika roustika of the Romans, is referred here by Sprengel, and Eraas: B. incana is
H a /(S p r en g 0 "°''°’ uncommon in Sicily and the neighbouring portion of
Tt Pd AAfAl OUN+ oTf ?Z opyrus — (Orib. xiv. 65"n)®, !g r‘ohwe innge iagchcboorudriningg t op Doritoisocno roidf esc oonntliyn eonnt aCl reGter,e eecxeu. dinTgh ea
p m - ike juice, and resembling the “ shinô ” in leaves branches and fruit but all smaller, is referred
here by Belon 1. 17, p . 23 (ed. Clus.), and Honorius Bellus : H. hircinum was observed by them and
rtth orp , along streams in Crete ; and by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, though rare. W est/ard
the tragion was known to Phny xiii, 3 as occurring only in Crete ; H. liirciniim termed “ h. foetiduié
I(rDuitlelescne. nesl th. bpyi . T1o51u,r nPeefrosr.t, amnsdt . S2p2r5e,n gis.) . known to grow not unfrequently in Calabria and Sicily^
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 4 3 5
_ O y u s inberosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain heath éea
U ' + A ACT PA TAA OC of Zopyrus— (Orib. xiv. 62), growing according to Dioscorides in
shaded breezy and snowy situations and abounding around Pheneum in Arcadia, having “ érévinthó”-
hke leaves and branches, small purple flowers, and a large rounded root with implicated appendage.s,
is referred here by Sprengel; the name “ astragalös ” continued extant in Greece in the days of
rtguillara p. 267 (Spreng.) : O. tuberosus was observed by Sibthorp in woods near Constantinople.
0 stward the “ astragalos” or “ ön u x” or “ gatales ” or “ hamaisuke ” . is identified in the Syn.
Diosc. with the “ phikoum térrai ” or “ glanthöulam ” or “ pinoum triviöum ” or “ tioum ” or “ nönar-
mn ’ of the Romans, and the account of the “ astragalus” by Pliny xxvi. 29 is not altogether taken
from D ioscondes : O. tuberosus is termed “ o. sylvaticus foliis oblongis glabris ” by Tournefort inst.
393 ; was observed by Viviani in Italy (S teu d .); and is known to grow throughout middle and
Northern Europe, the root according to Sprengel eaten in Sweden and forming an article of commerce
(fl. Dan. pi. 781, and Curt. lond. !. pl. 53).
PimpineUa tenuis of Syria and Crete. The 'k6 Y A 0 B 0 Y N I 0 N of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 50),
a span high in Crete according to Dioscorides, with leaves and branches “ vöuniö ’’-like and acrid is
referred here by Sprengel: the “ pseudobunion,” on Crete “ laudatissima ” of the best quality’ is
mentioned by Piiny xxiv. 96: P. tenuis is described by Sieber, as observed by him on Crete : and
farther East, “ Tragium eriocarpum” of Russel is regarded as probably identical (Steud.).
dioica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ psöudovöuniön ” of Zopyrus,
- and D ioscondes, is referred here by Lobel, and Fraas : T. dioica was observed by Sibthorp, Bory,
0 seb0 , and Fraas, on high mountains from the Peloponnesus and Albania to Macedonia and the
Bithynian Olympus; is known to grow also on the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), but has not been
observed on Crete. Westward, is described by Lobel pi. 745 (Spreng.); is termed “ fceniculum
minimum patulum ’ by Tournefort inst. 312; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle
Europe (rhuil., Lam. il. fr., Jacq. austr. pl. 28, Steud., and Lenz).
Cressa Cretica of the shores of the Red Sea and neighbouring portion of the Mediterranean
Called in Greece “ almurithra” (F raas): the ANGYAAIC of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 62) saltish to
the taste according to Dioscorides and growing in sunny sandy places, its branches straight a span
long with soft lentil-like leaves, is referred here by Alpinus exot. p. 156, and others ; C. Cretica was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and i'raas, on the seashore around the Peloponnesus and Greek
islands. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, at the head of the Red Sea and called
at Suez “ nadaoueh ” dewy ; and by Forskal, along the Arabian shore as far as Lat. 16° where it is
called “ ghorara.” Westward, the “ anthuilis ” or “ anthullön ” is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with
the “ sölastroum ” of the Romans; the account by Pliny xxi. 103 and xxvi. 51 of the “ anthyllion” or
“ anthyllum ” seems taken from Dioscorides ; C. Cretica is described by Fuchsius p. 885 (Spreng.),
and Plukenet alm .pl. 43 ; is termed “ quamoclit minima humifusa palustris herniaris folio” by
Tournefort cor. 4 ; and is known to grow along the Mediterranean as far as Tunis, Malta and France
(Forsk., Desf. atl. i. p. 220, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
Orobanche grandiflora oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ lukos” (Fraas), in
which we recognize the “ lukös” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the OPO B A fX H of Zopyrus — (Orib.
/V . 62), and others, described by Dioscorides as edible, leafless, and suffocating “ öspriöis ” different
kinds of pulse ; also identified in the Synonyms with the “ kunöraöriön ” or “ leonta,” and therefore
probably the “ osprölöönta” of Sotion, and Paxamus (geopon. ii. 42) : O. grandiflora is described by
Chaubard, as observed in the Peloponnesus ; and was found by Fraas the most frequent kind in
Greece. Westward, the “ lupum salictarium ” is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 50 among the edible
p(Blaonrtys ).of Italy ; and O. grandiflora is known to grow on the nearest portion of the Pyrenees
Orobanche caryophyllacea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece
“ lu k ös” (Sibth.), and perhaps included in the “ örövaghö ” of Zopyrus, — and Dioscorides • O caryophyllacea
was ob.served by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in Greece and the neioh-
bouring islands, according to Walpole mem. p. 244 fastening on bean plants and witli difficiTltv
eradicated. Westward, the account by Pliny xxii. 80 of the “ orobanche ” or “ cynomorion ” seems
taken from D ioscondes: O. caryophyllacea is termed “ o. major garyophyJlum olens ” by TournLeefnozr)
t. inst. 176; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Pollich ’ Pers ’ and
Phelypaea latea oi Arabia and North Africa. Called in Egypt “ haluk” (Forsk.), the oririn
possibly of the name “ lukös ” given in Greece to the aliove allied plants : — P. lutea was ’observedíiy
I'orskal, and Delile, along tlie Mediterranean border of E gyp t; and farther South, by Forskal p. ire
at Mor in Tropical Arabia, and called “ hodar ” or “ zybb alkaa.” Westward, was observed by Des"-
fontaines atl. in Barbary; but though termed “ p. lusitanica flore lu tea” by Tournefort cor 47 its
presence in Portugal is questioned (Pers.). ’
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