3/ . 26 as employed in Sicily for tying vines, is referred here by Cyrillo : A. festucoides is termed
IU"’' U observed by Hogg on Sicily; is known to grow wild in dense
caespite cane-brakes m hilly situations in Barbary (Desf. pl. 34, and Pers.),
g m a f a t u a of Tartary. Cfoled in France “ folle avoine ” ’(Fée), in Italy “ avena salvatica”
£ 4 or “ agriôsiphônari ” or “ agriovromo,” in which we recognize the
AVENA of Cato r. r. xx.xvii. 5 ,- “ sterilis avena’.’ and “ vana a vena ” of Virgil eel. v. 3; and »eor»
I 77, or the ‘ avena into which barley is supposed by Pliny xviii. 44 to degenerate : A. fatu"a w is
° f France, is known to grow as a weed in grain-fields throughout
T a t > T U and Britain (Bauh., C. Bauh. pin. 10, Parkins, p. 1149, Pers!, and
W ats .). Eastward, the yromos compared with the “ aigilôp! ” by Dioscorides iv. 138 is identified
m the added synonyms with the “ siphôniôn” or “ akrospëlôs,” and with the “ avënam” of the
Rommis: A. fatua was observed by Forskal. Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grain-fields from
Constantinople to/he Peloponnesus; is called in Egypt “ zommeyr” or “ chafur,” in which we recognize
the khafur of r t n Baitar ; and was observed in the cultivated ground of Lower Egypt by
Foiskfo and Dehle. Farther East, is known to grow wild in the Crimea, and probably wild also
around Caucasus (Bieb., Ledeb., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg here and there in Japan
growing spontaneously and c a lle d t s u s ik u s a .” A . steriHs, regarded by some writers as not dis^
i J e / p ® observed in Greece by Sibthorp, and Bory ; and by Delile, growing around Cairo
" 182 B. C.” (Liv., Plut,, and Chnt.), while opposing the measures of T. Quinctius Flamininus
Philopoeinen captured and slain. Lycortas was next elected Achaean praeto~r; and his son, the
historian Polybius, earned the urn at the funeral o f Philopoemen.
In this year ( = “ 220 38 yrs.,” Mason 40), Khanloung succeeded by his son . . . . as Burmese
king. -
K ■ Fbn-, and Clint.), in Rome, the writings of Numa discovered; and
being on publicly burned.
“ The same y e a r ” (Schiegel, Bayer, and Wilson), accession o f Eucratides as Greek kin» of
Bactna. He conquered a portion of Hindustan - (Strab. xv. i. 3), a fact confirmed by the abun-
dance of his cmns, some of them bearing bilingual inscriptions, P a li and Greek; he is termed the
“ Great Km g ” by Artemidorus.
“ October’’ (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy V. succeeded by Ptolemy VI
1 hilometer. Who married his own sister Cleopatra. The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy VI
occur on temples erected or continued by him at Antaeopolis, Koos, Edfu, Ombos, Philae and
Paiemboleh m Nubia. His name occurs also on these temples in Greek inscriptions ; and (according
to Champoihon-Figeac) he dedicated one or more Egyptian temples to the gods o f Greece.
1 of Wen-ti or Hiao-wen-ti, of the H a n ” or Seventh dynasty (Chinese
chron, table) ; the first Chinese emperor, who on the occasion of remarkable phenomena and public
calamities remanded to be informed of his faults; and who gave orders for searching out men of
, merit tor public employ (Pauth. p. 236).
. also caused money to be coined outside of the capital, in the provinces : the coins
(Palfth)^ ° copper, and round, with a square hole in the centre” for stringing them together
• ' T U (Fiv., and Clint.), death of Philippus V., and the accession of Perseus last
king of Macedonia. .
Asclepiades of Myrleia a “ pupil of Apollonius Rhodius ” (Sm. b. d.), and therefore hardly later
tJian this date. ^
Cerasus chamoecerasus of the mountains of Eastern Europe and the neighbouring portion of
Asia. th e X AMA I K 6 P A C 0 C growing according to Asclepiades Myrleanus in Bithynia — is
referaed here by Sprengel and others: “ chamaecerasi ” are mentioned by Pliny xv. 30 as grèwin»
in Macedonia, in cold situations towards the North, and the fruit dried and yielding profit to tarmers"
C. chamæcerasus is descnbed by Jacquin rar. pl. 90, is known to grow on the Austrian Alps, and
according to Persoon, is besides cultivated. Farther South, the “ hamaikërasôs ” was known to
Athenaeus ii. i i in Egypt.
“ 177 B. C. == 3d year of Wen-ti ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Forty-second cycle. '
In the first half of the second century B. C.” (Humb. cosm. ii.), Szu-ma-thsian writi.m
In the time of the Western Han ” (Topog. Cant., and Pauth, 472), arrival in China* of persons
* Cocculus fibraurea of Anam and Tropical China. A thick-stemmed woody climber called
m A n am “ ca y v an 0 ang,” in China “ tien sien la n ” (Lour,); and from early times used medicinally
and for dyeing yellow; — C. fibraurea was observed by Loureiro 769 in the woods of Anam and
O F A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 9 9
“ from Kan-tou, Lou, Floang-tchi, and other nations of the South: the nearest about ten days journey,
and the most distant about five months, their territories being large and populous (Siamese countries) ;
and they had many productions and rare objects.”
“ 176 B. C.” (Pauth.), on application from the emperor Wen-ti, the Chou-king recited from memory
by Fou-chen ; having charge of Chinese literature thirty-seven years previously, at the time of
the Burning of the books.
The same year ( = 313 — “ 137 y rs.” in the Vichnu purana, Burn. ii. 778), a date possibly marking
the accession of Samgata, son of Dasaratha and now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges. He is
called Sampada in the Avadana Asoka (Burn, introd. 430).
“ 175 B. C.” (Clint, iii. p. 346), Seleucus IV. succeeded by Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, eighth
Greek king of Syria.
“ 171 B. C.” (Liv., and Clint.), invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, warring against king
Perseus.
Hegesander of Delphi may have been at this time writing. Fie mentions Rhodophon of Rhodes,
legate to the Romans on the occasion of the above outbreak (Polyb. xxvii. 6. 3 to xxx. 5. 4).
Astragalus g la u x of the Mediterranean countries. A species of milk-vetch; and the E A A Y K I C
KON according to liegesander 35 not growing about the Hellespont— (Athen, ii. 62), may be compared
: the “ eugalacton ” of the ancients is identified by Pliny xxvii. 58 with the “ glaux,” described
by Dioscorides as growing by the seaside, its five or six slender branches spreading on the ground a
span from the root, leaves whiter beneath and resembling those of “ kutisó ” or “ phakó,” flowers
“ léukóiòis’’-like but smaller, purple, the plant in decoction restoring suppressed milk, and referred
here by Clusius, and Sprengel ; A . glaux was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, growing in the open
country. Westward, the account of the “ g la u x ” by Pliny seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A.
glaux was observed by Clusius hist. ii. 240 in Spain ; is described also by C. Bauhin pin. 347, and
Rivinus pent. irr. pl. 109.
“ The same year ” + iodor ., Blair, and Clint.), invasion of Egypt by Antiochus IV.; and between
Pelusium and Mount Casius, the army of the youthful Ptolemy V I . defeated.
“ 170 B. C.” (2 Maccab. v. i, Blair, Clint, iii. p. 319, and Kitt. cycl. bibl. lit.) expulsion of the
high-priest Menelaus, appointed by Antiochus IV. ; the Jews being deceived by a false rumour. Returning
alive from Egypt, Antiochus IV. plundered Jerusalem, and polluted the temple by sacrifices
of swine.
“ 170-69 B. C .” (Porphyr., and Clint, p. 387 and 399), Ptolemy Physcon associated with his
brother Ptolemy VI. in ruling Egypt.
“ 168, June 2ist ” (Blair, and Clint.), eclipse o f the moon. The first eclipse predicted by a Roman
astronomer ; by Suipicius Gallus to the Roman army at Pydna, which on the following day
defeated Perseus, bringing the Macedonian kingdom to a close. Gentius king of the Illyrians and
ally of Perseus, was separately defeated and taken prisoner by the Romans.
Gentiana lutea of the high mountains of middle Europe. Called in Italy “ gentiana maggiore ”
(Lenz), and the E 6 N T I A N H discovered by Gentius, king of the Illyrians — and growing according to
Dioscorides on the loftiest mountains, the stem smooth as thick as the finger and two cubits high
with leaves at intervals, mentioned also by Servilius Damocrates, Galen, and Paulus Aegineta, is referred
here by writers ; the “ gèntiané” or “ aloe gallike ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ aloitis ” of the Dardani (on the border of Illyria), and “ génòus ” or “ kikènthia ” or “ kuminalis ”
of the Romans : the “ gentianam ” is .mentioned by Pliny x.xv. 34 as growing chiefiy in “ subalpinis ; ”
and G. lutea is described by Renealme spec. pl. 63, and is known to grow in and around Switzerland
in Subalpine situation.s (Pers., A. Dec., and Lenz). Tarther South, is mentioned by Serapion
(Spreng.); its imported root is enumerated by Alpinus among the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac,
China, the root and lower part of the stem “ resolvens deobstruens diuretica ; ” bitter in taste according
to Lindley, and used by the Malays in intermittent fevers and liver complaints.
Commia Cochinchinensis of Anam. An Euphorbiaceous tree of medium size called in Anam
“ cay son gia ” (Lour.) ; and from early times, its gum used medicinally : — C. Cochinchinensis was
observed by Loureiro 742 wild near the seashore of Anam, its white tenacious gum emetic, purgative,
deobstruent, useful in obstinate dropsy and obstructions (see also Lindley).
Muricia Cochinchinensis of Anam and Tropical China. A woody climbing Curcubitaceous
plant called in Anam “ cay goc ” or “ mouc biet tu,” in China “ mo pie su ” (Lour.) ; and from early
times, employed medicinally; — observed by Loureiro 732 wild in Anam and China, its berries
used for tingeing food, its seeds and leaves given in obstructions of the liver and spleen, in tumours
and malignant ulcers, and applied externally in prolapsus, dislocations, and fractures (see also
Lindley).
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