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7 7 4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
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dinal James d’Euse, now Joannes X X II., fortieth pope. Louis II. Bavarus ruling Germany and
Italy ; Edward II., England; Robert, Scotland ; and in France, Louis X. succeeded by Philip V.
“ Dec. igth (= 716 A. H., Shawal 6” of Ferisht., Elph.), death of sultan Ala-u-din of Delhi.
Pie was succeeded .
“ 1317, March 22 (= 717 A. H. Moharrem 7” of Ferisht., Elph.) by his third son Mobarik
Khilji, now thirteenth sultan of Delhi.
“ June 1st” (according to an Arabic inscription on the walls, Leps. eg. and sin. p. 232), after a
victor}' of Naser over the infidels, opening of a mosque at Old Dongola.
“ In this year” (Remus, iv. 172), the Wen-hian-thoung-khao, a historical encyclopedic work by
Ma-touan-lin,* offered to and approved by the emperor Jin-tsoung. — It was published “ in 1321,”
and the author died soon afterwards. . .
“ In this year,” Matthæus Sylvaticus (according to his own statement) at Salerno writing his
Pandectæ ; dedicated by him to Robert king of Sicily. ^ j ■ n
Serratula tinctoria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A saw-wort called m Ger-
many “ sichelkraut ” (Grieb) or “ sichelmoren ” (Trag.); an(i the CPlthKtTlUS K^ re S tlS of
Matthæus Sylvaticus pand., —is referred here by Tragus ii. 32; S. tinctoria is termed “ jacea nenio-
reiisis quæ serratula vulgo ” by Tournefort inst. 444 ; is known to grow from Denmark throughout
middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 281, and engl. bot. pl. 38), its juice affording a yellow dye (Pers.); was
observed by Sestini in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.).
Lysimachia dubia of the East Mediterranean countries. The p eP SIC K rIK m inO ro f Matthæus
Sylvaticus,—described by Caesalpinus vi. 65 as having leaves like those of “ lysimachie pur-
pureæ ” and flowers purple and whitish, may be compared ; L. dubia is termed “ 1. spicata purpurea
minor ” by Buxbaum i. pl. 33 ; was observed by Sibthorp on the marshy sliores of the Nicæan Lake ;
and according to Persoon the petals are connivent.
Thesium linophyllum of Europe and the adjoining portion of A.sia. Called in Britain bastard
toad-flax (Prior), and the L I n K PI K of the Pandecta, — and Ortus Sanitatis 261, may be compared :
T. linophyllum is termed “ anonymes lini folio ” by Clusius hist. i. 324, “ linaria montana flosculis
albicantibus” by C. Bauhin pin. 213, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 509,
engl. bot. pl. 247, and Hayne): observed by Linnæus as far as Scania and Smoland; by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands.
“ In this year” (Rawdon Brown, and Major edit. Zen. p. 4), the first name on the List of commanders
on voyages from Venice to Flanders, — continued “ down to 1533,” and preserved in the
Venetian archives.
“ In this year” (Major edit. Bethenc. p. xii), by a treaty, Denis king of Portugal securing a
Genoese, Emmanuele Pezagno, as hereditary admiral of his fleet, he and his successors to make unfailing
provision of twenty experienced Genoese captains to command the king’s galleys.
“ 1318 A. D. (= 718 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Harpal, the insurgent Mahratta chief, defeated
in the Deccan and captured by sultan Mobarik. Who also sending an army under Khusru, a converted
Hindu, conquered Malabar.)
“ 1319 A. D. (— 1979th of Synmu,” art cle verif.), abdication of Fannasono in favour of Daigo II.
or Go-Daigo, younger brother of Nidsio II., and now dairo of Japan.
“ 1320 A. D.” (Alst.), at Frankfort, an assembly of the principal men of the Empire, Louis II.
Bavarus being present. “ Against the insolence of the pope.”
“ The same year” (Alst. p. 307), the Turks, crossing the Hellespont, first enter Europe.
“ 1321 A. D. = ‘ tchi-tchi,’ 1st year of Yng-tsoung IE , of the Youan” or Twenty-second dynasty
— (Chinese chron. table).
* Aucitba Japónica of Central Asia. A spotted-leaved shrub called in China “ Ising-mou ” or
“ thsing-mou ” green-wood (Rem.) ; but the “ tsing-mou ” found according to Ma-touan-lin in Ki-pin
(Cophene) and Po-sse — (Persia), is regarded by Remusat mei. iii. 211 to 251 as not certainly belonging
here : A. Japónica was observed by Thunberg planted for ornament in Japan. Transportecl to
Europe, is described by Lamarck ill. pl. 759; and from Europe was carried to Northeast America,
where it continues in greenhouses.
Rhus sylvesiris of Eastern Asia and Japan. The w ild w ax tree, perhaps the “ arbres a cire
abounding according to Ma-touan-lin in the country of the An-thsai — (Asii or Asian! according to
Remusat mei. iii. 239) : R. sylvestris is known lo grow in Japan (Jap. centen. comm. 56).
t Bragantia Wallichii of Western Hindustan. An Aristolochioid shrub three to four feet high
called in Malabar “ alpam ” (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the “ alpam ” of the Malabar proverb
“ As soon as alpam root enters the body poison leaves,” — mentioned by Bartolomeo : B. Wallichii
was observed byRheedevi.pl. 28 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in “ S. Concan, rare” (Graham 250)
nearly as far as Bombay ; by Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Wynaad.
“ In the time of Yng-tsoung and of Chun,” 1321 to 1367 A. D. (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 473),
commerce was twice interrupted, and after a year, re-opened. A decision. That foreign nations
should bring a tribute every three years. The regulations at Canton were made extremely severe.
Ships bringing tribute, were compelled to discharge cargo and wait through the harvest. And “ a
hundred and twenty-two houses were built for the accommodation of foreigners.”
“ March 24th (= 721 A. PI. Rabi-ul-awal ” of Ferisht., Elph.), sultan Mobarik and all the
Khilji family put to death. “ Aug. 22c! (= 721 A. H. Rejeb 30 ” of Ferisht.), the usurper Khusru
succeeded by Gheias-u-din Toghlak, now fourteenth sultan of Delhi. — He built at Delhi the fort of
Toghlakabad, remarkable for its massive grandeur.
“ In this year (= 721 A. H.,” Gildem.), the geographical work of Abulfada completed. He
speaks of Malabar, where according to a traveller’s account, from the abundance of water and creeping
plants the whole face of the country is green (a circumstance that seemed extraordinary to one
brought up in the Desert) : of the city of Kandahar “ built by Alexander:” and of “ Lauhaur ” (Lahore)
also called “ Lahaver,” described in the Allubab as a great city of India, and the birthplace of
many learned men. — He died “ in 1331 ” (Pouchet).
1322 A. D. = “ 1247 an. jav.” (Raffles x.), supposed date of the treaty of partition between Raden
Tanduran and his half-brother Chiong Wanara; dividing Java by a line running due South from a stone
column placed at Tugu. — After the death of the half-brother, the kingdom soon became united, with
the seat of government now at Majapahit. The stone column at Tugu, a few miles West of Sema-
rang, continued standing when Raffles was writing.
“ April 1st ” (acta sanct., and rec. voy. et mem. p. 7), four Franciscan missionaries on their way
to Cathay (China) driven by a storm to Tana (near the site of Bombay), and put to death by tire
Muslim ruler of the country. Their companion, a Dominican named Jordanus Catalan!, absent on a
visit to Paroco (Baroach), returned and w'ith the aid of a resident Genoese the bodies were transported
to Snpera (Sefer or Sefarah el Hend) and buried in a church. — In a letter dated “ Jan. 1323,”
Jordanus gives an account of the affair, having perhaps by this time reached his destination Colum-
bum or Palumbum (Palembang in Sumatra). He describes his residence as situated in India Major,
the pole star only two fingers breadth above the horizon, the sun for six months casting a shadow
South, and the days and nights not exceeding each other a full hour at any season. “ April 9th
1330,” he was appointed bishop of Columbum by pope Joannes X X II.
Fie describes the ships sailing to Cathay as very large (Chinese junks) ; while those built in
India Major were sown together with thread from a certain herb, and though of good size were not
decked. A portion of that India vras called Champa, where elephants are used for all kinds of work,
supplying the place of horses, mules, donkeys, and camels.
He had heard of the existence on a very great island of hOmlneS p K rV u L ln l pigmy men,
no larger than a boy three or four years old but all shaggy like a goat, living in the forest and rarely
met with : — clearly the Borneo orang, Pithecus satyrus.
The KVIS 2td mOdtllTI miLVl having according to Jordanus mirab. the head white and the
body above and beneath tO tK PubeK, snatching fish from the hands of the fishermen, — is clearly
the Bramin kite, Haliaetus Ponticerianus.
Jordanus had heard of a third India (Madagascar- and Equatorial Africa), where the huge bird
called POC is found, also animals J.d moduiTl C K tti producing the finest of known perfumes
(civet), and others Kd mod WITI KS I 11 I but with transverse stripes black and w-hite and very beautiful
(BurchelPs Zebra, Equus Burchellii).
While passing through Babylonia, f u 11 V IS K to r tu C K carrying upon its back five men
(Galapagos tortoise, Testudo).
Inga xylocarpa of -Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The iron-wood is called in the environs of
Bombay “ jamba ” (Graham), in Telinga “ conda-tangheroo ” (Drur.); and the tree “ harder than
all, which the strongest arrows can scarcely pierce ” seen by Jordanus in Hindustan, — may be compared
; I. xylocarpa was observed by Graham on the Ghaut and the “ hilly parts of the Concan : ”
by Ro.vburgh cor. pl. 100, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, its wood used by the natives for
plough-lieads and for knees and crooked timbers in shipbuilding. F'arther East, was observed bv
Mason, v. 529, abounding in Burmah “ from Mergui to Toungoo ” and called “ pyen-ka-do,” its tninic
“ thirty aud forty feet without a branch ” by “ eight and nine ” in circumference, the wood extremelv
durable but so hard that workmen “ are reluctant to try their tools on it at any price.”
Entada scandens of wooded Tropical shores from Hindustan to the Polynesian islands. A
woody vine called In the environs of Bombay “ garbee ” or “ gardul ” (Graham), in Burmah " knng-
nyen ” (Mason), in which w-e recognize the C K PPO b I Ke of stupendous size seen bv Jordanus mir.ib.
in India M inor;—E. scandens was observed in Flindustan byKheedeviii.pl. 32 and ix. pl. 77,
Roxburgh, Wight; by Graham, “ along the range of Ghauts ” running “ over the highest trees,” the
stem found by Gibson in one instance “ full six feet in circumference,” and the seeds employed by the