526 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
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128 A. D. (Ptol. obs. on equinox), end of the third Great Year of the Egyptians.
“ 129, Jupiter being in the sign Leo ” (Aristid. i. p. 519, Masson, and Clint.), birth of the rhetor Aelius Aristides.
“ In the reign of Hadrianus ” (Lubke and Lutrow), the temple to the Olympian Jupiter at Athens
completed under the Roman architect Cossutius.
“ 130, autumn ” (coins, inscript. on Vocal Memnon, and Clint.), after passing the winter at
Athens, arrival of Hadrian in Egypt : where he found Christians numerous, as appears from one of
his letters ; and in the course of his voyage on the Nile, founded the new city of Antinoe : ___to the
present day marked by ruins in the Roman style of art.
The Second era o f Gaza begins from this visit of Hadrian.
“ 131 A. p .” (Dio, Chnt, and Kitt. cycl. bibl.), on reaching Jerusalem, Hadrian changed the
name of the city to Aelia Capitolina ; and on the site of Solomon’s temple, founded a temple to Jupiter.
The building operations were shorrly afterwards interrupted by the Jews ; who, led by Cochebas,
commenced war against the Romans, and were at first successful.
“ In this year ” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Elawda succeeded by Za-
Zigen and Rema as kings of Abyssinia. — They ruled “ forty ” years.
“ In this year” (Jap. centen. comm. 88), in Japan, end of the reign of . . . the son of Keiko.
Clofo made o f i s very o ld ” in Japan, and “ was the only textile fabric” in the country
“ prior — to the introduction of silk w eaving” (Jap. centen. comm. 77).
Among dye stuffs used in Japan, “gall-nuts, turmeric" (Curcuma Ionga), “ madder" (Rubia
cordifolia), “ safflower" (Carthamus tinctorius), and “ brazil wood" (Caesalpinia sappan), * — are
enumerated in Jap. centen. comm. 75.
“ 132 A. D .” (Hieron., Eutrop., Blair, and Clint.), the “ Perpetual Edict,” a body of laws for
praetors, compiled by Salvius Julianus.
“ >33! May 6th, n hours 15 minutes P. M.” (Blair), eclipse o f the nioon. Observed by Claudius Ptolemy. at Alexandria
Coronilla emerus of the Mediterranean countries and as far as middle Europe. A small shrub
called in France “ faux baguenaudier” (A. Dec.), in Greece “ agriopeganos ” (Sibth.), in which we
recognize the AFPION TTHFANON placed under the wing protecting birds from cats according to
Sotion, — and Florentinus (geopon. xii. 25 and xiii) : C. emerus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
frequent on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and Crete; is known to grow also in Asia
Minor and the Crimea (Tchih., and Bieb.). Westward, is termed “ em erus” by Tournefort inst. pl
418; and is known to grow in Italy, and as far as “ Lat. 47° 45' ” from Vienna to the Jura (Pers.,
and A. Dec.). The leaves called scorpion senna are according to Lindley “ cathartic like those of senna, but less active.”
One hundred and thirty-third generation. May ist. 134, mostly beyond youth : lamblichus of
Babylon : the Greek poet Mesomedes of Crete; the philosophers, Sextus the stoic, Crescens, Valerius
Diodorus, Taurus of Berytus, Maximus of Tyre, and Apollonius of Chalcis; the historians,
Appianus, and Phlegon of Tralles; the grammarians, Telephus, Alexander of Cotiaeum, and H ephaestion;
the rhetors, Antonius Polemo, Marcus of Byzantium, Aristocles of Pergamus, Nicostratus,
Varus of Perga, and Philager ; other Greek writers, Polyaenus of M acedonia; the Christian Greek
writers, Papias, Justinus Martyr, and Hegesippus.
“ The same year” (Just. Mart, Euseb., and C lint), by Cochebas leader of the Jewish revolt,
many Christians persecuted for not taking part in the war against the Romans. Basilides the
Gnostic at this time in Alexandria, and his doctrines opposed in writing by Agrippa Castor.
* Gardenia fo rid a of Subtropical China and Japan. An ornamental shrub called in Anam “ cay
deanh tau,” in China “ chy tsu ” (Lour.), in Japan “ s i ” or “ kutsjinas” (T hunb.); and from early
times planted for hedges in Japan, and its flowers used for dyeing yellow — (Jap. c. c. 75) : observed
in Japan by Cleyer ii. 7. f. 21, and Kaempfer, by Thunberg, everywhere. Southward and Westward
was observed by Loureiro in Cliina and Anam ; by Rumphius vii. pl. 14, on Amboyna ; by Mason v!
414 to 785, “ exotic” m Burmah and called “ thung-hsen-pan,” cultivated by the natives for ornament
and Its fragrant flow ers; by Roxburgh, and Graham, in gardens in Hindustan, called “ gundha raja,”
and “ probably introduced from China.” By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa
(P ers.); to the Hawaiian Islands, verified by myself; and to North America, where it has become a favourite in greenhouses.
Evodia glauca oi japan. Called there “ kiwada,” and from early times its bast used in the
processtaiif dyeing— (see Jap. c. c. 31 and 80) : E. glauca is described by Miq.
Lithospemniun erythrorhizon oi japan as far as Yeso. Called in Japan “ murasaki ” (Sieb.),
and from early times used for dyeing purple — (see Jap. c. c. 80): known to grow as far as Yeso (Sieb.).
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D PL A N T S. 5 2 7
“ 135 A. D .” (Euseb., Clint, and Kitt. cycl. blbl.), the Jewish war brought to a close ; and all
obstacles to the original design of Hadrian removed. Jerusalem was now made the site of an exclusive
Roman colony, the Jews being prohibited from residing there or in the vicinity. From this edict,
the “ final dispersion of the Jew s” is often dated; it having exerted a powerful influence on their
destiny.
Until the siege of Jerusalem by Hadrian, its bishops had all been circumcised ; Judas being the
“ fifteenth,”
“ The same year” (D io, and Clint.), the historian Arrianus governor of Cappadocia.
Cape Comori in Plindustan named according to Arrianus from a temple dedicated to a goddess
— ( “ Kumari, a name of Parvati or Uma, the virgin bride of Siva,” H. H. Wils. note to the
Mrich. vi.).
136 A. D. (“ in the twentieth year of Hadrian and two thousand one hundred and fifty third ann.
Abr.,” Euseb.), the first Gentile bishop at Jerusalem, Marcus.
“ The same year” (Franz 126), a Greek inscription relating to Sabina wife of Hadrian, presenting
the following form of the letter À.
“ In the reign of Hadrianus ” (Sm. b. d.), Claudius Aelianus, Italian by birth, teaching rhetoric
at Rome. He wrote in the Greek language, especially admired Herodes Atticus, and mentions visiting
Alexandria in Egypt (anim. xi. 11 and 40).
The . . . . of Aelianus — is referred by Cuvier to the ya k or mountain bullock of Thibet, Bos
grunniens : the Indian “ agriavous ” furnishing the “ toupha ” ornament on the banner of military
prefects, is mentioned by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 335 ; the yak is also mentioned by Rubruquis
(Voyag. Belg.), and Marco Polo 72; and Nicolo Conti in Ava heard of “ long-haired cattle” in the
country beyond “ towards Cathay.”
Conferva? rupestris of the European and Mediterranean coasts. The TPIXeC seaweed of
Aelianus x iii— (Dod. pempt. iii. 5. 19), m aybe compared: C. rupestris is termed “ c. marina tri-
chodes ramosior” by Dillenius muse, xxviii. pl. 5. f. 29; was observed by Sibthorp in the Propontis
and among the Greek islands; and is known to grow in the Atlantic as far as Britain (Dillwyn pi.
23, and Engl. bot. pi. 1699).
137 A. D. ( = 143 — “ 6 years reign ” in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Gayabahoo succeeded by Mahalo-
mana, now king of Ceylon.
“ 138, before July 20th” (Ptol, can., and Clint.), Hadrian succeeded by Antoninus Pius, fifteenth
Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Antoninus Pius occur in the Oasis El-Kargeh, and at
Medamot, Dakleh, Philæ, Esneh, Medinet-Abu, and Dendera (Glid. analect.). Hi s name occurs also
in Greek inscriptions in Egypt.
“ 139, Sept. 26th” = “ ninth of A thyr” (Ptol. meg. synt., and Clint.), the A utum nal equuiox
observed at Alexandria by Claudius Ptolemy.
“ 140 A. D .” (E useb., Hieronym., and Clint.), Hyginus being bishop in Rome, arrival there of
Cerdo preceptor of Marcion, and of Valentinus the Gnostic. Valentinus had known and conversed
with one of Paul’s disciples.
“ March 22d ” = “ seventh of Pachón” (Ptol. meg, synt., and Clint), the Vernal equinox observed
at Alexandria by Claudius Ptolemy.
Deflection or refractio>i of the rays of light, giving a false position to the stars, mentioned by
Claudius Ptolemy opt. v. (The treatise is extant in an Arabic version by Sahl et Thaberi ; see also
Roger Bacon spec. math. p. 37, and Steinschneid. ii. 21). — The phenomenon of refraction, is also
mentioned by Alhazen.
The “ krupton limëna ” on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy,
— is referred by C. Muller (geogr. min. p. Ixxii) to the port of Muscat. To the appropriateness of
the name “ concealed harbour,” in approaching from the sea, I can myself bear witness.
The Z I r r I C promontory of East Africa, described by Claudius Ptolemy i. 17 and iv. 7 as conspicuous
from its forked head and its elevation above a level shore of nearly four hundred m iles,—
may be compared with mount Kilraungaro, situated some four degrees South of the Equator, and visible
from the sea, as witnessed by myself. Cosmas Indicopleustes i. p. 132 on his voyage to the Persian
Gulf went nearly as far as “ Varvarian” (Berbera), “ beyond which Ziggion is situated, this name
being given to the mouth of the ocean.”
The country South of the Equator, known to Claudius Ptolemy i. 7 to 12, iv. 8 and vii. 5, as
AFACYMBA, — may be compared with Kissimbany on the island of Zanzibar.
“ Baithana” on the Godaveri (Ptol. geogr., ancl Wilford as. res. ix. p. 199), or Paitan, the
metropolis of king “ Siri-Polemaios ” or Sri-Pulimana.
143 A. D. ( = 127— “ 24 years reign ” of the Mahavamsa xxxvi), Mahalo-mana succeeded by his
son Bhatia-tissa, now king of Ceylon.
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