CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ In planted gardens and in woods, sweete marjoram” ( O r i g a n u m v u l g a r e f ) , “ sorell ” ( R u m e x
a c e l o s e l l a ) , “ penetoial, yarrow” ( A c h i l l e a m i l l e f o l i u m ) , “ myrtle,” were met with by W. Wood i. S-
He further mentions: “ liempe ” ( C a n n a b i s s a t i v a ) “ and fla x e ” ( L i n u m u s i t a t i s s im u m ) “ some
planted by the English, with rap e s ;” besides “ t u r n e f s , p a r s n i p s , c a r r o t s , r a d i s h e s , m u s k m i l l i o n s ,
c u c u m b e r s , o n y o n s j " also w h e a t , and good crops of “ r i e , o a t e s , and b a r l e y . "
The natives tattooed figures of “ bears, deer, hawks, etc.,” on their “ ch e ek s ; ” were more grieved
“ to see an English man take one deere, than a thousand acres of l a n dwo v e “ coats of turkie
fea th er s;” built “ forts of young timber trees, rammed into the ground” (palisades); in cooking,
boiled or roasted, and abandoning the “ earthen pots of their owne making,” used “ brasse ” kettles
“ which they traded for with the French long since.” They were exposed to attacks froni the “ Mow-
hacks : ” who wore “ sea horse skinnes, and barkes of trees, made by their art as impenitrable,” and
who “ beate them downe with their right hand tamahaukes, and left hand iavelins, being all the weapons
which they use.” — At the end of “ four years,” on the “ 15th of August 1633,” W. Wood i. 10
and ii. I to 17, sailed for England.
“ July 19th” (Wilmere edit. Champí, p. Ixxxii, Holmes), Quebec surrendered by Champlain to a
British fleet under the command of David Kertk, a French Protestant; bnt in place of removing as
had been stipulated to France, most of the colonists preferred to remain behind ; and it was soon
existed.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Churchill coll.), Francis Pelsart of Holland on his way to India, wrecked on
“ rocks near some small islands not inhabited and having no fresh water, in upwards of thirty-eight
vania ; by Muhlenberg, and Pursh, from New England to Georgia ; by Elliot, in the upper district of
Carolina; by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky ; by Darby 44, on the Washita; by Nuttall, on the
Arkansas; and by Long's Expedition ii. 215, on the Mississippi as far as 43°. Its thick yellow inner
bark prepared for dyeing and chiefly exported from Philadelphia.
N a b a l t t s a l b u s of Northeast America. Called r a t i l e s n a k e - r o o t (A. Gray), in Virginia W i t f s
s n a k e - r o o t (Clayt.), and clearly the “ root caled snake weede ” mentioned by W. Wood 1. 11 as an
antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake ; — also the “ root of an herb called snake-weed, to bite o n ”
within “ a quarter of an houre ” by “ the partie stinged,” according to Higgeson (hist. coll. i. 122) ;
the “ snakeweed” always carried about by Gov. Winthrop “ in summer-time” (diary) ; the plant is
figured by Josselyn rar. pl. 77; and the “ radix snaqroel nothae A n g liæ ” used against the bite of a
serpent that otherwise kills within “ twelve hours,” reported to Cornuti p. 214: Dr. Witt’s “ rattle-
snake-root” of Virginia, as appears from Clayton, and Pursh, belongs here: N. albus according to
Hooker grows from Newfoundland to Quebec and Lake Huron; has been observed by myself from
45° to 40° along the Atlantic; by Pursh", from New England to Carolina; by Schweinitz, at 36° in
Upper Carolina; by Chapman, “ in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward.” (See N. albus,
and Hieracium venosum.)
H e d e o m a p u l e g i o i d e s of Northeast America. The A m e r i c a n p e n n y r o y a l , named from resemblance
in smell and taste (Tuckerm.), clearly the “ peneriall ” seen by W. Wood i. 5, — and Higge-
son, in Eastern Massachusetts, and “ upright peniroyal ” of Josselyn rar. 44: H. pulegioides, an
annual growing in open situations and multiplying in clearings, has been observecl by myself from 45°
on Mount Desert and in Northern New York to 40° along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to
Carolina ; by Scliweinitz, at 36“ in Upper Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky.
S m i l a c i n a r a c em o s a of Northeast America. Sometimes called/«/ra s p i k e n a r d ( A . Gray); clearly
le “ treackleberries ” seen by W. Wood i. 5 in Ea.stern Massachusetts, — and the third kind of
“ Salomon’s seal ” called according to Josselyn 45 “ treacleberries, having the perfect taste of treacle
when they are ripe, and will keep good a long while, certainly a very wholesome berry, ancl medicinal
” (J. L. Russell in Hovey’s mag. 1858) ; S. racemosa was observecl by Michaux in Canada ancrtn
the Alleghanies of Carolina ; by myself, from 45° to 40° along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in
Upper Carolina; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas.
Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pl. 37, ancl Morison xiii. pl. 4.
S m i l a x g l a u c a of Northeast America. Possibly the “ saxifarilla ” seen by W.^ Wood in Eastern
Massachusetts: — observed by myself from 42° near Plymouth to 38° near Washington, the leaves
edible ; by Torrey, from 41° on the Hudson ; by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman,
“ Florida, and northward ; ” by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and was received by A. Gray from “ Kentucky.”
Transported to Europe, is the “ S. sarsaparilla of Linnæus in p a rt” (Pers., Steud,, ancl A.
Gray. See Aralia nudicaulis).
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
degrees of south latitude ” ( . . . . ) . After building a deck to the long-boat, the party put to sea and
“ soon discovered tlie continent,” on “ June Sth.” In “ twenty-four degrees of south latitude” on the
“ 14th,” six men “ swimming ashore, saw four savages quite naked, who fled ” ( A u s t r a l i a n s ) . Continuing
along the coast Northward and Eastward, the boat safely arrived among the East India islands.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Parkinson publishing his Parad., enumerating C a n n a l u t e a 376, N a r c
i s s u s l a e t u s 94. n. 9, N . v i r i d i f l o r u s 93. f. 6, C o l c h i c u m B y z a n t i n u m 155. £. 2, G e r a n i u m s t r i a t u m
227. n. 7, M e d i c a g o s c u t e l l a t a 337. n. 5.
A l l i u m t r i q u e t r u m of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Parkinson parad. 143 f. 6 —
(Spreng.), ancl Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 159; termed “ a. caule triangulo” by Tournefort inst. 385 ; and
known to grow in Spain, about Narbonne (Pers.) : observed by Desfontaines i. 288 in Algeria; by
Tenore, in Italy ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Rome ; and by Gittard, in the Peloponnesus
(Chaub.).
C o l c h i c u m v a r i e g a t u m of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of m e a d o w - s a f f r o n called
in Greece “ spassohortdn ” (Sibth.) ; from transported specimens described by Parkinson parad, pl.
155 as having “ leaves for the most part three,” “ lying close upon the ground,” and termed by him
“ C. iritillaricum Chiense ; ” — by Tournefort inst. 349, “ C. flore fritillarise instar tesselato : ” observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on Helicon, Parnassus, and other mountains of Greece.
“ lowards 1630” (art de verif.), Ijesaz succeeded by his son or grandson Fide-tada, now
emperor of Japan. Fie continued the policy of persecuting Christians and excluding foreigners, the
Dutch excepted.
“ 1630 A. D .” (art de verif.), abdication of Kouotei in favour of his daughter Niote or Siote, now
dairo of Japan.
After passing the winter of 1629-30 at Salem (hist. coll. i. 121), Fliggeson found “ divers excellent
pot-herbs ” growing “ among the grasse, as strawberrie leaves in all places,” and “ pennyroyal,
winlersaverie, sorrell, brookelime, liverwort, carvell, and watercresses ; ” * also “ good ash ” ( F i ' a x i n u s
* L o b e l i a c a r d i n a l i s of Northeast America. The c a r d i n a l - f l o w e r , transported to Europe,
described by Parkinson parad. 355,— Jungermann (Spreng.), Miller, and Linnæus, Westward, is
known to grow from the Saskatchewan throughout Canada (Hook.) ; was observed by Pursh from
Canada to Carolina; by myself, on marshy margins of streams from 45° to 39° along the Atlantic ; by
Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, at 31° ; by Bartram, to 30° ; by Chapman, “ Florida to Mississippi
; ” by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky.
A s c l e p i a s C o r n u t i of Northeast America. The m i l k w e e d transported to Europe described by
Parkinson parad. 443. n. 2 — (Spreng.), termed “ apocynum maius” by Cornuti pl. 90; pods “ used
to stuff pillows and cushions ” were sent from Connecticut by John Winthrop the younger in 1670
(phil. trans. Lond., and arch. Am. iv. 124) ; and the living plant has become naturalized in France,
Corsica, and Dalmatia (A. Dec.). Westward, is known to grow throughout Canada to the Saskatch!
ewan ; was observed by myself from 46° 30' on the St. Lawrence to 40° along the Atlantic ; by Croom,
as far as Newbern ; by Short, in Kentucky ; ancl by Michaux, in Illinois (Pers.).
C a r d a m i n e P e n n s y l v a n i c a of North America. The A m e r i c a n w a t e r - c r e s s , the flowers small
and uniformly white,, clearly the “ watercresses” seen by Higgeson near Salem observed by
myself frequent around Salem and from 44° to 39° along the Atlantic ; by Muhlenberg, and Pursh,
from New York to Pennsylvania ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, as far as 30° in Florida ;
by Chapman, in “ wet soil, Florida and northward ; ” and according to Hooker, grows as far as the
Arctic Sea and Columbia river.
R u b u s o d o r a t u s of Nortlieast America. Called in New England m u l b e r r y (C. P.) orf l o i v e r i n g
m u l b e r r y (J. Robins.), and doubtless the “ mulberries ” seen by Higgeson around Salem: — the
“ raspberry, here called mulberry ” was seen by Josselyn rar. 48 in New England: R. odoratus is
known to grow from the Saskatchewan throughout Canada (H o o k .) ; was observed by Michaux in
Canada and on the Alleghany mountains ; by myself, from 45° to the vicinity of Salem ; by W. Barton,
to 40° near I’ liiladelphia ; by McEuen, near Ithaca in central New York; by Short, in Kentucky;
by Elliot, oil the Alleghanies of South Carolina ; and by Chapman, “ on the mountains of Georgia.”
Transported to Europe, is termed “ rubus odoratus ” by Cornuti pl. 150 ; and continues under cultivation
for ornament.
O s m o r h i z a l o n g i s t y l i s of Northeast America. The .A m e r i c a n s i v e e t c i c e ly , probablv the " c a r
v e il” seen by Higgeson near Salem; — observed by myself in a rocky precipitous place in the suburb
called “ Paradise,” possibly the spot where it was seen by Higgeson ; by Torrey, near .\lbany on the
Hudson (Dec.) ; by Conrad, near Philadelphia ; by Short, in Kentucky; by Beck, on the .Mississippi;
by Nuttall, 011 the Arkansas ; and according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada to the Saskatchewan
and Northwest America.
A p o c y n u m c a n n a b i n u m of Northeast America. A species of .4.m c r i c a n d o g b a n e , ■çxCbCCYy o x i t
119
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