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3 7 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
and fifty fathoms long according to Megasthenes — (Strab. xv. i. 56), or “ kalamou épigéion” of
Theophrastus iv. 11. 13, may be compared : C. extensus is knovvn to grow in Silhet, over the trees
of the torest to the length of “ five or six hundred f e e t ” (Drur.).
Colocasia nyniphccifolia of Hindustan. Called in Malabar “ welie-ela” (Rheede); and the
edible roots P I Z A I : A i A 4'OPOI ;TAIC: TAYKYTHCIN growing spontaneously according to
Megasthenes and in great abundance in the marshes of Hindustan, — may be compared : C. nymphae-
ilolia was observed by Rheede xi. pl. 22 in watery places in Malabar (Pers.), where it forms part of
the food of the inhabitants (Roxb., and Drur.) ; by Graham, “ in moist places throughout the Concans
” to and beyond Bombay.
“ 302 B. C .” (Kitt. cycl. bibl.), by treaty, the war with Ptolemy brought to a close, and Coele-
Syria, Palestine, and Arabia Petrma annexed to Egypt.
“ 301 B. C.” (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), accession of Ranman, grandson of Dwattayan, as
Burmese king, — represented as a “ bad king.” He reigned “ fifty ” years.*
One hundred and twentieth generation. Jan. ist, 300, mostly beyond youth: the Greek poets,
Asclepiades of Samos, Philetas, Aratus, Nossis ofLocri, Anyte of Tegea, and Antagoras of Rhodes;
the comic poets, Damoxenus, Hegesippus, Philemon the younger, Plato the younger, Theognetus,
Kathon, and Posidippus ; the tragic poets, Lycophron, Homerus the younger, Sositheus, Alexander
of Aetolia, Philiscus of Corcyra, Dionysides, Sosiphanes, and Aeantides ; the dramatists, Rhinthon
of Tarentum, and Sotades the younger; the philosophers, Teles, Colotes, Timón, Metrodorus, and
Dionysius of Heraclea; the geographer, Patrocles ; tlie historians, Diyllus, Athanis, Psaon of Platea,
Philochorus, Lycus of Rhegium, Callias of Syracuse, Idomeneus of Lampsacus, Timaeus, Duris
of Samo.s, Ctesibius, and Anticlides ; the orators, Cineas, and Demochares; the medical writers,
Serapion of Alexandria ; the grammarian Zenodotus of Ephesus; other writers, Daimachus, Sim-
mias of Rhodes, Amometus, Lynceus of Samos, Leonidas of Tarentum; the sculptor Praxiteles;
the painters, Philoxenes, Perseus, Pausias, Action, Ctesilochus, and Aristolaus (Bryan).
Angiras son of Urn, son of Manu Chakshiisha, son of Ripu, son of Shshti, son of Dhruva, as
early possibly as this date. An extract from his writings — is preserved by Hemadri in the Sraddha
Mayukha (H. H. Wils. transl. vishnu purana i. 13 and ii. 7). Angiras is menlioned in the Rig Veda
sanhita as well as in the Mahabharata, and his descendants in the Sama Veda x. 10 (transl. Stev.).
Aegle marmelos of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Tamil “ willa-marvum,” in Telinga “ mare-
doo,” in Bengalee “ b e la ” (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay “ bilwa ” or “ bale ” (Graham), in
which we recognize the “ bel ” whose fruit according to Angiras marks the size of balls of food to be
presented to Brahmans — (H. H. Wils. note to v. p. iii. 13), and the “ vi lva” of Susrutas sutr. 4Ó
and chikits. 18 to 28: the downless “ melon akanthes” growing according to Nonnus dion. xxii. 25
in the forest beyond the Hydaspes, may also be compared: Ae. marmelos is described by Rumphius
i. pl. 81 ; was observed in Hindustan by Rlieede iii. pl. 37, Roxburgh, Wight; by Graham, “ a thorny
tree ” occurring around Bombay and “ about temples in many parts of tlie Deccan,” the pulp of the
fruit “ much used by the natives in cases of chronic diarrhoea; ” and according to Royle, the astringent
rind is used in dyeing yellow. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 494 as “ e xo tic ” in
Burmah, “ cultivated extensively by the ’’ natives, and “ highly esteemed for its medicinal properties.” •
Westward from Hindustan, the “ b u ll” is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Rhazes, Elbasri, Mosih,
Ebn Samhun, Serapion, and Ebn B a ita r ; and “ bel Hendi ” fruit, brought from India to Egypt, is
enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as constipating and employed medicinally.f
* Agathis loranthifolia of mountains in the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. Tlie
dammer pitie is a mistletoe-leaved Coniferous tree called in Tenasserim “ theet-men” king of woods
(Mason) ; and the Burmese superstition of using its wood for tlie beam of balance-scales as early
probably as this date, also the driving a peg of it into a boat or house-post “ to avert evil,” ~ mentioned
by Berdmore: A. loranthifolia was observed by Griffith, and Mason 544, in Tenasserim, but
is not known to yield dammer (see Hopea odorata), its wood “ used by native carpenters for various
purposes.” being “ very hard,” white and “ rather lig h t; ” was observed by Loureiro ii. 710 in A n am ;
and by Rumpliius ii. pl. 57, on Amboyna.
by Roxburgh cor. ii. pl. 141 ; by Wight, the fruit affording “ a very pleasant jelly ” closely “ resembling black currant je l ly ; ”
by Graham, “ a large and handsome tree ” called “ cawtha,” in “ gardens ” and found by Gibson in
“ the vale of the Taptee common, also on the Mool river, and throughout Guzerat; ” the fruit “ with
a grey coloured very hard rind,” was observed by myself to resemble an unripe orange. Eastward,
enumerated by Mason v. p. 452 and 760 as “ exotic ” in Burm.ih, found by I’hayre under cultivation
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 7 1
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i V
“ 299 B. C .” (Hervey-Saint-Denys), Kiu-ping-youen or Kiu-youen commencing his elegiac poem
called Li-sao.
Hibiscus Syriacus of Eastern Asia. A flowering shrub called in English gardens “ althæa”
(A. Gray), in Japan “ kin” or usually “ mukunge ” (Thunb.) ; and the “ althæa flowers” of Kiu-
youen 29* — may be compared: H. Syriacus was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Jajran,
cultivated everywhere for hedges, and (according to Jap. centen. comm. 76) its fibres used for cordage.
Westward, by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Graham, “ in every garden ” around Bombay, both
“ single and double varieties ; ” by Forskal, Delile, and CIot-Bey, in the gardens of E g yp t; and by
Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Farther West, the “ flos siriacus ” or “ flos malvae ” is mentioned
by Simon Januensis sinon. ; and H. Syriacus is described by Camerarius hort. med. pl. 4, and
Gerarde. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens.
“ 298 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), L. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Fulvius Maximus Centumalus consuls, the
Samnites invading the territory of Lucanians in alliance with Rome, the third Samnite war.
“ 297 B. C. = tSth year of Nan-wang” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fortieth cycle.
“ 295 B. C.” (Sm. b. cl.), Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus the younger, consuls, great
defeat of the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls at Sentinum.
Sisymbrium officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hedge
mustard {Vx\ax),\n Greece “ agriöpörihö ” (Forsk.) or “ agriövröuva” (Sibth.), in Italy “ verbena
muschia” (Mazziari, and Targ.); and possibly the plant tendered by the verbenarius on this occasion,
tufts of grass from the capitol being sometimes employed, — as appears from Pliny xxii. 3 : the “ verben
a ” is mentioned by Plautus, Terence, Horace, Virgil, Propertius, Festus, Celsus v. 28, and the
“ verbenaca mas ” by Pliny xxv. 59 both kinds superstitiously employed by tlie Gauls : S. officinale
is described by Fuchsius pi. 592 ; is termed “ e. vulgare ” by Tournefort inst. 228 ; and is known to
occur in waste places from Sweden to the Mediterranean and Nortli Africa (fl. Dan. pl. 560, Curt.
Iond. V. pl. 50, Pers., and Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the’ Peloponnesus
to Constantinople, but seems unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. Dec.). By European
colonists was carried to Greenland (Wats.), and to Northeast America, where it continues
around dwellings and along walls, observed by myself from Salem to Phikidelphia, known to occur in
the “ upper districts” of our Southern States (Chapm.), and found by Scouler at the mouth of the
Columbia (Hook. ; see Verbena officinalis).
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), Cyprus recovered by Ptolemy. Who about this time, admonished
by a dream, caused the statue of a god to be brought from Sinope to Alexandria. On arrival, the
statue was found by his interpreter Timotheus and the Egyptian priest Manetho- to be that of Sera-
pis, and the great temple to Serapis was commenced (Callim., Apollod., T a c it , and Plut. is. and
osir. 28).
Bupleurum fruticosum of the shores of the Mediterranean. A woody-stemmed umbelliferous
plant called in Greece “ anëmôpurôma” (Fraas), affording perhaps the CECEA I enumerated by
Manetho among tlie ingredients o f the “ kuphi” incense (Plut. is. and osir. 88) : the “ kuonon phri-
ken ” of .the Egyptians — is identified with the “ sësëli aithiopikon,” of Dioscorides, a great shrub
with boughs two cubits long, ivy-like leaves oblong as in “ përiklumënôu,” and -‘ anëthôu’’-like tops,
the seeds crowded as in “ puros ” and very odorous, mentioned also by Oribasius, and referred here
by the natives in one of the provinces. F. elephantum is termed “ anisifolius ” by Rumphius ii. pl.
43 ; and according to Lindley, “ both leaves and flowers exhale a powerful odour of anise.”
Spondias mangifera oi Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The liogflum is called in Burmah
“ kywm” (Mason), in Telinga “ amatum,” in Bengalee “ amra ” (Lindl ), in Hindustanee “ ambara,”
in Tamil “ caat-maavu,” in Malabar “ ambalam ” (Drur.), at Bombay “ ran amb ” (Graham); and the
size of its fruit also assigned for these balls by Angiras — (PI. H. Wils.) : the “ amburanus ” tree
wa.s seen by John de’ Marignolli in Adam’s garden on Ceylon (Yule cath. 362) : S. mangifera is
known to grow on the mountains of Coromandel (Lindl.), and as far as Travancore ; is described by
Rumphius i. pl. 61 ; was observed by Rheede i, pi. 50 in Malabar; by Graham, “ a large t r e e ” in
woods around Bombay “ probably planted ; ” its “ leaves deciduous in the cold weather.” Eastward,
IS enumerated by Mason v. p. 461 and 489 as indigenous in Burmah, its intensely a.stringent fruit
“ considered a specific ” in wounds by poisoned arrows, formed the chosen offering of the Karens
according to their own tradition, and hence “ God cursed the Karen nation and placed it lowest among
all the nations by whom they are surrounded.” According to Roxburgh, the trunk when wounded
yields large quantities of a mild insipid gum exactly like gum arabic.
* Tt'apa incisa of Yeso and tlie neighbouring countries. A species of water-chestnut called on
Yeso “ bekaiibe,” in Japanese “ hisi ” (Sieb.) ; and possibly the “ chataigne d’eau ” of Kiu-youen 29:
T. incisa is described by Siebold and enumerated among the useful plants of Yeso.
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