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germanica” by Tournefort inst. 389, “ liquiritia officinalis ” by Moench 152 (Pers.) ; was observed
by Lenz under cultivation in Italy, as well as seemingly wild. The decoction according to Lindley
“ is a common remedy for coughs and hectic or phthisical cases.”
Potamogetón graminenni oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass-leaved water
spike; and the KEfXPITIS growing according to Ctesias flum. in the river Alpheus, resembling
MEA I K H PQ, and given in potion against insanity — (Pint. flum. xix. 2), may be compared : P. grami-
neum was observed by Sibthorp in the rills of Arcadia. Westward, is known to grow throughout
middle Europe (Pers.) ; and was observed Ijy Ray pl. 4. f. 3 as far as Britain,
“ 382 B. C.” (Isocr., and Clint., see also Diodor.), Amyntas I I., successor of Pausanias, reigning
in Macedonia.
As early perhaps as this date (prose Avadan. Asok., and Burnouf introd. 358), Mahamandala
succeeded by his son Prasenadjit as Hindu king.
“ 376 B, C.” = tenth and last year of the Cyprian war, between Evagoras and the Persians
(Isocr., and Clint.). Nectanebus at the time reigning in Egypt (Theopomp. fr. i i i ).
The earWest Zodiacal projection known, is on a sarcophagus of tlie time of king Nectanebus
(Birch).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, “ roga-
tiones Liciniae” to increase the political power and improve the condition of the plebeians, proposed
by C. Licinius and L. Sextius tribunes of the people.
“ The same y e a r ” ( lo is t 01. of Suid., see Clint.), comedy exhibited by Eubulus: regarded by
grammarians as the beginning of the “ Middle Comedy.”
■ “ 375 B. C. = 1st year of Lie-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year ” (Sm. b. d.), C. Licinius and L. Sextius re-elected tribunes ; who, the patricians
not permitting the “ rogationes ” to become a law, prevented the election of any patrician magistrates.
— This continued four years.
The ÍMIKPON: TPYPANON small *í/í2« (for sawing a circular piece out of the skull) used by
Hippocrates vuln. cap.: lithotomy, cutting for the stone, is mentioned in the treatise ore., — and
according to Aretaeus chron. ii. 4, men sometimes die on the day of the latter operation, which however
is indispensable (Cockayne).
Piper longum of Tropical Hindustan. Called in commerce long pepper, in Sanscrit “ krishna”
or “ chupula ” or “ pippulee,” in Bengalee “ pippul,” in Telinga “ pippul-cliitoo ” (L in d i.); in which
we recognize the P EP E P I about which Ctesias is silent and all writers prior to Eubulus, — and Antiphanes,
so far as known to Athenaeus ii. 73 : the “ pëpëri ” is mentioned in 'Vict. acut. 53 (regarded
as a genuine writing of Hippocrates) also in 3 Morb, 25, and according to 2 Morb. mul. 84 is so
called by the Persians; the “ pëpëri prômëkës ” is distinguished by Theophrastus ix. 20. i, Dioscorides,
and Galen fac. .simpl. iii. p. 97; the “ piper longum,” by Pliny xii. 14 ; and the fruit of “ dar
folfel ” is compared by‘A vicenna p. 159 to aments of the willow (Spreng.) : from transported specimens,
P. longum is described by ‘Valerius Cordus iv. 25, and Plukenet aim. pl. 104. Eastward from
Persia, the “ pëpëri” is described by Cosmas Indicopleustes iii. p. 178 to xi. 336 as a woody vine
clinging to trees in “ Malë ” (Malabar) : P. longum was observed in Malabar by Rheede vii. pl. 14 ;
by Nimmo, in the Southern Concan (Graham) ; is known to grow “ wild among bushes on the banks
of water-courses, up towards the Circar mountains ” (Lindl.) ; is besides much cultivated, and according
to Roxburgh dried slices of the root and thickest'part of the stem are much used medicinally
under the name of “ pippula moola ; ” was observed by Mason v. 494 “ exotic” in Burmah and called
“ peik-khyen,” its dried berries sold “ in the bazars.” The effects according to Lindley “ are analogous
to those o f black pepper.”
Anthyllis Cretica of Crete. Called there “ arhôntixulôn ” (Bell.) ; and the E B E N OS prescribed
in Vict. acut. 407, — its rasped wood useful against ophthalmia according to Theophrastus ix. 20. 4,
and Dioscorides, is referred here by some writers : the “ acanthina xula ” mentioned by Dioscorides
as sometimes sold for ebony, may also be compared : A. Cretica is termed “ barba jovis lagopoides
cretica frutescens incana flore spicato purpureo amplo ” by Tournefort inst. 651, “ ebenus cretica ” by
Linnæus; was observed on the mountains of Crete by Honorius Bellus (Clus. hist. 309), Alpinus
exot. ii. 32 p. 278, and Sibthorp.
Euphorbia peplis of the seashore along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic.
Called in Greece “ hamogalatzithaki ” (Fraas); and the PEP A l i i of Hippocrates vict. acut. 1 1— is
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ pëplis ” of Dioscorides, growing on the seashore and full of wliite
juice, referred here by writers : the “ pëplis ” is mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Galen, and is
further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ anthrahnën agrian : ” E. peplis was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in maritime sand around Greece and the Greek islands ; and by Delile
on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward, numerous medicinal properties are attributed by
Pliny XX. 81 to the “ porcilaca” or “ peplin : ” É. peplis is described by Lobel pl. 363, and Camerarius
3 0 7
epit. 970; is termed “ tithymalus maritimus folio obtuso aurito” by Tournefort inst. 87; was observed
by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow on the seashore from Italy as far even as the
Southwestern extreme of Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 2002, Lindi., and Lenz). ^
Am m i majus oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ ammi ” or “ comino nostrale”
(Lenz), in Greece “ aspërôkëphalos ” (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt “ chælle ” (Forsk.); in which
we recognize the “ ammi ” identified by Pliny xx. 0 with the KYMI NON: PAPABAi l AEl o f Hippocrates
humor. 4, — or “ kuminôn vasilikon ” distinguished according to Syn. Diosc. iii 63 by some
writers from the “ aithiôpikôn kuminôn : ” A. majus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas,
irequent in cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek islands ; by Hasselquist in Palestine ; and
by Forskal p. 54, and Delile, around Alexandria and Rosetta. Westward, is described by Tournefort
inst, 304, and Blackwell pl. 447 ; and is known to grow as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and
other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz).
Ptychotis ajowan oi Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit “ yuvanika ” or “ Bruhmadurbha,” 111 Bengalee
and Hindustanee “ jouan ” or “ ajouan ” or “ ajwan ” (Lindi.), in Tamil “ womum ” (Drur.) ;
and the KYMINON:Al e lOp lKONo f 3 Morb., — Int. affect, p. 492, and i Mul. morb. 603, identified
through Syn. Diosc. with the “ ammi ” whose seeds only are described by Dioscorides, is referred
here by Sprengel : “ ammii” seeds are enumerated among the ingredients of the theriac of Antiochus
Magnus (Plin. xx. 100), the “ ammi” is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta, Avicenna
(F. Adams); and “ ammi seeds from In d ia ” are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as imported iffio
Egypt. Eastward, P. ajowan was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Lush, and Drury, under cultivation
throughout Hindustan, and according to Graham “ the seeds have an aromatic smell and warm pungent
Taste,” are “ sold in the bazars, and used by the natives for culinary and medicinal purposes.”
Farther East, P. ajowan is enumerated by Mason as “ e x o tic ” in Burmah, and no native name is
given. The seeds according to Sprengel continue to be imported into Europe; and the plant is
regarded by Roxburgh, and Lindley, as “ one of the most useful and grateful of the umbelliferous
Ptychoiis Coptica of Crete and Egypt. Possibly included in the “ kuminôn aithiopikon” of the
Hippocratic writings : — the “ ammioura alëxanthrinôum ” of the Romans, mentioned in Syn. Diosc.
iii. 63, may be compared: “ ammi seeds produced in E g y p t ” are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. ;
P. Copticum received from him is described by Linnæus mant. 56, and Jacquin hort. ii. pl. 196 (Pers.
and Spreng.) ; and according to Lindley, grows also on Crete.
Tordylium ojficinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ kaukalithra
” (Fraas) or “ kaukalitha ” (Sibth.) ; and the medicinal S E S E A 1 prescribed in Vict. acut. 12, —
Fistul. 884, and by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Fraas : the “ seselios ” was found by Alpinus
employed medicinally in Egypt; and T. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas,
frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Asia Minor. Westward, T. officinale
is termed “ t. narbonense minus ” by Tournefort inst. 320 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in
Southern Haly ; is known to grow also in Sicily and Southern France, occurring according to Persoon
even in England, (See Caucalis maritima).
Rubia lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ r iz a r i” (Sibth.) or
“ agrión rizari” (F ra a s ); and possibly the E P Y 9 P 0 AA N 0 N prescribed in Vict. acut., — Steril.
p. 20, I Mul. morb., and by Nicander; the “ ërëuthëthanôn” growing according to Theophrastus ix.
13. 6 in shady places, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas ; and the “ ërëuthrôthanôn a gria ” is
given by Dioscorides as a second medicinal kind: R. lucida was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. , Westward, is termed “ r. quadrifolia asperrima lucida
peregrina” by Tournefort inst. 114; andaccording to Persoon, grows as far as Majorca. (See R.
tinctorum.)
Aristolochia pallida of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ pikrounia ”
(Fraas), in Italy with other species “ stallagio” or “ stallogio” or “ aristolochia” (Lenz ); in which
we recognize the A P I S T O A O X I A of 3 Morb. 23, — Int. affect. 25, 2 Morb. mul. 79, Nicander,
and Paulus Aegineta ; the “ aristôlôhia strôggulë ” described by Dioscorides as having an orbicular
“ gôggulithi’’-like root and white flowers with their red portion rank-scented, is referred here by
writers : A. pallida was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in shaded mountainous situations
in Greece. Westward, is termed “ a. rotunda altera” by Cjusius hist, ii, 70, “ a. rotunda flore ex albo
purpurascente” by Tournefort inst. 162; and is known to grow in Croatia and Italy (Pers., Kitaib.
hung. pl. 240, Spreng., and Lenz).
Aristolochia rotunda oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy by the same names with
the preceding species (Lenz), and possibly included in the “ aristôlôhia” of the Hippocratic writings :
— the “ aristôlôhia” described by Theophrastus ix. 20. 4 as black in colour and agreeably-scented,
may be compared ; A. rotunda was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
Farther South, “ aristolochia ro o t” was observed by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Eg yp t;