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466 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
opians : — observed by Grant in “ rocky ground 3° 15' N .” on the Nile, three feet high, its leaves and
stems cooked as spinage by the Wanyamuezi.
Com nelyna sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the “ p o a ” eaten by the
Ethiopians : — observed by Grant on Zanzibar, spinage made of its leaves.
of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably included in the “ p o a ” eaten by
the Ethiopians ; — received and described by Höchst. ; observed by Grant “ every where on rich soil
near huts,” and used as a potherb,
Dombeya m ultifora oi Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called “ keenga” (Grant); probably
in some instances furnishing the wooden bows four cubits long used according to Strabo xvii. 2. 3
by the Ethiopians : D. multifiora was received from Africa by Endlicher ; was observed by Grant
frequent in “ 3° N .” on the Nile, its wood tough and used for bows.
Grewia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree called “ mkomo ” (Grant) ; and probably
fim ni«ing some of the bows in question ; — observed by Grant diffused generally from “ Unyanyembe
5° S.” to Madi on the Upper Nile, its wood used for building, for bows and arrows, and its bark for
ropes, “ no insect is said to touch it.”
Sterculia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably furnishing some of the bows in question :
— observed by Grant in “ 3° 58' S .,” a “ shrubby tree,” bows made of its wood, and the sultan of
Ukuni (in the Unyamuezi country) “ has his hut-lashings made from its bark.”
Kigelia pinnata of Tropical Africa. Called in the Kinyoro language “ m’sankwa,” in Suahili
“ malegæa ” (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing some of the bows in question : — received from Africa
by Decandolle ; and observed by Grant “ everywhere,” its wood used by the Wanyamuezi for bows,
its leaves with sand for polishing spear-handies, and its roasted seeds eaten in famines.
“ 4, March 13th ” (Jos., and Clint.), at Jerusalem, eclipse o f the moon, and death of Herod before
the passover. H e was succeeded by his son Archelaus; another son, Herod Antipas, being
appointed tetrarch of Galilee. The accession of Herod Antipas is fixed to this year by coins Jos" and Clint, iv. p. 22. ’ ’
The apocryphal book of Enoch written after the death of Herod ; whose reign is included in
the condemnation Ixxxix. 25. The book is quoted by Jude, Justin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus,
and other Christian writers down to the time of Syncellus and the patriarch Nicephorus ; and has
been preserved in an Abyssinian version, manuscripts of which have at different times been brouriit
to Europe (Stuart in bibl. repos, for 1840, and S. Davidson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.).
“ 2 B. C. = ist year of the ‘youan-cheou ’ of Gai-ti ” — (Chinese chron. table).
Bubon Macedonicum of Northern Greece. T h e P E T R O S E L I N VMo f the antidote composed
for Augustus by Marcianus, — of Celsus v. 23, Cassius the physician, Scribonius Largus 120, Pliny
XX. 47, or the “ pëtrôsëlinôn” of Andromachus, growing according to Dioscorides on crags in Macedonia,
according to Galen antid. i. p. 76 also in Epirus and sold by the Macedonians to all nations,
mentioned too by Paulus Aegineta, and termed “ the chief condiment” in Geopon. xii. i, is referred
here by writers : the “ makëthôni.sion spërma ” is enumerated by Nicolaus Myrepsicus i, t : B.
Macedonicum was observed by Belon in market at Constantinople ; and by Forskal, under cultivation
there in gardens. Westward, is described by Blackwell pl. 382; and is known to occur in
Mauritania (Pers.), probably cultivated, as in various parts of Europe where the seeds are sold
in the shops (F. Adams). Eastward from Greece, is known to occur in Cochinchina (Pers ) probably
cultivated.
Lavandula stoechas of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens cassidony from
“ stoechas sidonia,” or French lavender (Prior), in Germany “ stochas” (Grieb), in Greece “ hamo-
livano” or “ levantha” (Fraas) or “ maurokëphali,” orb y the Turks “ cara bach” (Sibth.); in which
we recognize the S T O E C H A D O S o f the antidote of Marcianus, — Celsus viii. 9, Andromachus,
Pliny xxvii. 107, Galen, Paulus Aegineta, named according to Dioscorides after the Stoecliades
isles near Marseilles, and in the added Synonyms identified with the “ skiôlëvina” of tlie Romans,
“ öphthalmös puthönös” of the prophets, and Egyptian “ söuphlö : ” the “ isthuchudus ” of Mesue
simpl., and Ebn Baitar, is clearly the “ estachudes” imported according to Forskal mat. med. from
Barbary and Syria into Egypt, and referred by him with a mark of doubt to this species of Lavandula:
Li sjoechas is enumerated by Alpinus among the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac; has
long been employed by the Arabs as “ expectorant and antispasmodic” (L indi.); but the living
plant according to Ciot-Bey has only recently been introduced into Egypt. Farther North, L,"
rtoechas is described by Fuchsius 778 (Spreng.); is termed “ stoechas purpurea” by Tournefort
inst. 201 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and
Greek islands to Northern Greece ; is knowm to grow also in Italy, Southern France Barbary, and Spain (Pers., and Lenz).
“ i B. C.” (Dion, ind., Ephiphan., Cassiodor., and Clint.), at Rome, “ Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
Cossus and L. Calpurnius P iso ” consuls for this year.
“ In this year” (Sm. b. d.), Cains Caesar on his way to the E ast; to whom Juba II. dedicated
his history of A r a b ia .-A coin dated in the “ 48th year” of his own reign ( = A. D. i) is extant
0 Gaetuhans were subdued with the assistance of Cossus Cornelius “ A. D. 6 .” Lentulus in
Fieus vas/a oi Yemen. Called there “ talak,” or in Arab botanical books “ d elb ” (Forsk) and
fruit of Arbutus unedo being called by the Arabs “ altin aldeb” wolf figs (Spreng.), the “ arbutus”
trees fifty cu bts high in Arabia enumerated by Juba II. — (Plin. xv. 28) may be compared : F. vasta
was observed by Forskal p. 179 everywhere among the mountains of Yemen, an immense tree “ vas-
tissima arbor with a composite trunk and spreading rafter-like branches. Eastward, may have
been carried by Arabs, or by Banyans, to Hindustan ; for “ F. Bengalensis ” of Rheede i. pl 28 and
Linnæus, is regarded by Dryander as identical (Pers., and Steud.).
Euphorbia regis Jubae of Morocco and the Canaries. A cactiform spurge called in Morocco
“ dergmuse” (Jacks.), and the E Y i O P B I O N discovered by Juba II. on Atlas and named after his
physician E u p h o r b u s , s p e c i e thyrsi foliis acanthinis” according to Pliny xxv. 38 is referred
Imre by Webb : the drug “ ëuphôrviôn” is mentioned by Niger (D iosc. praef.), Rufus Ephesius
Aetius and Paulus Aegineta ; as the product of a plant growing in Mauritania, by Dioscorides iii.’
86, and Galen comp. med. loc. ix. 271 ; forms an article of commerce along the Tropical margin of
the Sahara, according to the Arab account of Ghanat (Jaubert rec. soc. geogr. ii) ; and in Egypt,
ferfiun or^ gum euphorbiæ ” was found by Forskal mat. med. imported from Barbary. The plant
producing It IS described by Leo Africanus ix. 300 ; by Jackson, as “ with its branches ” having the
p neralform “ of a goblet,” the stem “ at first soft and succulent, but after some years becomes
hard, the branches are scalloped and have on their sides small knots from which grow five extremelv
sha/-pm nted thorns,” and each branchlet bears “ on its top a vivid crimson flow er” (med. gaz. xx.
745)- E. regis Jubae is distinguished by Webb; was observed by him, and Lowe, “ comm on” on
the Canm-y Islands (Major edit. Bethenc, p. 138) ; but according to Pereira, the euphorbium of commerce
all comes from Mogador (Lindl.).
An expedition sent by Juba II. to explore the “ Fortunatae insulae” (Canaries) found there
stone buildings and a little temple ; one of the islands being called “ Nivaria ” from the perpetual
snow (Teneriffe), and another “ Canaria (as to the present day; Latin names recorded by Pliny
VI. 37, indicating intercourse with the Northern side of the entrance to the Mediterranean)
Rocella purpura-antiquorum of the Canary Islands and Madeira. One of the lichens yielding
the archal or orchil of commerce ; and the dyeing of “ Gaetulicam purpura,n ” established by Jubt
guisUed b y / o r / vicinity - (Plin, vi. 36), m aybe compared: R. purpura-antiquorum. is distin-
Echium giganteum of the Canary Islands. Woody-stemmed and called “ taginaste” (W ebb) •
possibly affording the “ Gaetulicam purpuram ” of Juba II: — the “ ligna rubra tingentia,” distinct
iiom verzino (Caesalpima sappan) but dyeing almost as well, is referred here by Webb : E. »i»an-
rteifufem, gwroasw ionbgs eornv erdo cbkys h(iPme rosn. )t. he Canary Islands ; was received bay the jy ounager Linnæus from TeneEuphorbia
balsamifera oi the Canary Islands. A woody-stemmed spurge, but its milky juice
sweet and innoxious : the “ arbores similes ferulae, ex quibus aqua exprimatur, ex nigris amara, ex
candidionbus pOTui jucunda ” - (Plin. vi. 37), may be compared : E . balsamifera is known to grow
nona titvhees (Cloannd/. ys oIcs.l atnrdacs t (gAeoltgorn. pÜl.a n1t3.7)., and P er s), its juice is thickened to a jelly and eaten b1 the
^ Laurus till of the Canary Islands. A large tree called “ til” (M ajor); and possibly the
arbores in question yielding water to drink : - certain til trees in elevated situations on Ferro
exposed w fogs, are continually dripping “ clear delicious water ” that forms a pool near the trunk
(Jiont. 6s) ; especially one gigantic tree called the “ Garoe ” or “ Arbre Santo,” of unknown antiquity
overthrown by a hurricane before “ June 12th, 1612,” but which is mentioned by Galindo, N iU em :
(SteuU)'®'^ Castillo, and Von Buch (Major edit. Bont. p. 125): L. till is distinguished by Poiret
“ The same year = 2d year of the ‘youan-cheou ’ of Gai-ti ” — (Chinese chron. table)
n iiiln U , " / ‘ft twenty-ninth generation. A. D . i, Jan. ist, mostly beyond youth : the Greek
i>k-r f ""fi Sotion the younger; the medical writer Niceratus ; other Greek writers,
m tstion, Thrasyllus, and Apollonides. of N icaea : the Latin writers, the poets Pedo Albinovanus,
VntiU Severus; the historian Fenestelia ; the orator Asinius Gallus ; the rhetors
tVnOe TRieonmusa nM poanitnatneurs ,L Hudaituesr i(uBsr, yJaunn).i us Gallio ; other Latin writers, Macer the vy oungo er,> and Tuticanus ;
in t Z X 0 0 ‘'"'ft'®' ft'“ ""''' fi- P aulus” consuls (Clint.), Caius Caesar being absent
aass hhiisl own a“ sixty-f/ou’■r th ” birth-day. 'ft''- 'ta’nch Augustus names “ ix. kalend. octobr.”
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