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660 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
we recognize the “ kurras ” or “ anjurat ” of Ebn Joljol, — and the “ korrais ” or “ anjurat ” of Ebn
Baitar : S. squalidus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, frequent in the Desert bordering Lower
Egypt. Westward, is known to occur as a weed in Sicily and Southern Europe (Boccon. sic. pl. 41,
Barrel, pl. 262, and Pers.) ; and though unknown in the intervening country, was already in Britain
in the days of Dillenius, and has become naturalized there (A. Dec ).
“ 983 A. D.” (Nicol., see also Alst), Otto II. succeeded by his son Otto or Otho III., at the age
of “ ten ” years third emperor of Germany and Italy.
“ Tlie same year ” (Rafn), from Iceland sailing in search of the land seen a century previously
by Gunnbjorn, Erikus Rufus found an extensive coast, which he named Greenland. After examining
it,— and passing two winters there, in the third summer he returned to Iceland.
Chilian civilization as early probably as this date.
Acacia{Viuhellia) Farnesiana of Chili. Arborescent and called in Chilian “ caven ” * — (Molina);
observed by myself clearly indigenous, dotting the open country along and upon the basal portion of
the Andes. Raised in Europe “ in 1611 ” from seeds received from Playti (Tob. Aldin. hort. fames. 3),
de.scribed also by Hyacinthus Ambrosinius, Parkinson, and Plukenet pl. 73 ; observed by I orskal,
and Chaubard, in the gardens of the Peloponnesus and Rhodes, and by the Turks called “ mis-
setsjm;” by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt and called “ fetneh;” was
carried also to Western Equatorial Africa (Bentli. fi. nigr.) ; and from Buenos Ayres to Louisiana
(A. Dec.), continuing planted as far North as Charleston. By European colonists also, was carried
to Taheiti (observed there by myself), and Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it
has become frequent and is called in Tagalo ’‘ aroma” (Blanco); to limor (Decsne); to Java
(Hassk., and Zoll.) ; to Burmah, observed by Mason “ exotic ” and called “ nan-lung-kyeing ; ” to
Hindustan, called in Sanscrit “ urimeda” or “ vitkhira,” in Bengalee “ gooya-babula,” in Telinga
“ kustoori” or “ piktoome ” (Roxb. and Lindl.) or “ piyi-tumma ” or “ kampu-tumma ” or “ naga-
tumma,” in Tamil “ piy-velam,” in Malabar “ pivelam ” (Drur.), observed by Graham “ very common
in the Eastern parts of the Deccan,” by myself both under cultivation and naturalized ; yielding
according to Wighq and Drury, “ a considerable quantity of useful gum,” and the flowers distilled
“ a delicious perfume.”
Solanum tuberosum of Southern Chili. The potato, called in Peru “ papas” (Ciez., Carate,
Gomara, Barcia, and myself), growing wild in Southern Chili and collected for lood by the natives
(CI. Gay) : carried thence, becoming an object of cultivationf in Northern Chili — and Peru “ in the
* Dolichos fu n a rm s of Chili. Climbing, called in Chilian “ cogul ” (Molin.), and doubtless from
early times used for cordage, —as witnessed by Molina among the colonists.
Quillaia smegniadermos of Chili. A Rosaceous tree called in Chilian “ quillai ” from “ qnillcan
to wash (Molin.). its bark therefore from early times used as a substitute for soap : —observed by
Frezier i. 206, and Molina ; by myself, frequent from the coast throughout the basal portion of the
Andes, and its bark exported in large quantities.
Cestrum parqui of Chili. A large many-stemmed shrub called in Chilian “ parqui ” or “ palqui ’
(Molin.), and from early times its wood considered the best for procuring fire by turning a rod rapidly
; also employed medicinally:— observed by Feuillée, and Molina; by myself, frequent at the
outlet of valleys near the sea-level ; described also by Ruiz and Pavon ii. pl. 32.
Ocymum ? saliuum of Cliili. Its round articulate stem covered every morning with saline globules,
doubtless from early times collected and used for salt, — as witnessed by Molina among the colomsts.
Arisiotelia macqui of Chili. A large shrub called in Chilian “ maqui,” its berries eaten and a
drink prepared from them (Molin.) doubtless from early times: — observed by Molina; by myself,
irequent in Lower Chili; described also in fl. peruv. 125 (Pers.).
t Solanum cari of Chili. A distinct species of potato from early times cultivated in Chih,—
described by Molina, but according to Humboldt iv. 9 remainirig unknown as far North as Quito, as
well as in Mexico and Europe. ^
Heracleutn tuberosum of Chili. Known from early limes, — and enumerated by Molina among
useful plants. _ ^ „
Lum a sp. of Chili. Large Myrtaceous shrubs, one or more species called in Chilian ‘ luma
(Molin.), and from early times a sort of wine made of the berries : —observed by Molina ; by myselt,
several species some of them arborescent irequent in Lower Chili. ^ „
Lucuma Valparadisica of Chili. One of the three wild species called in Chilian “ lucuma
(Molin.). and probably from early times : —observed by Molina (Steud.); by myself in a sleep
mountain-ravine facing the sea about three miles South of Valparaiso.
Lucuma bifera, turbinata, and spinosa, all of Chili. Also called in Chilian “ lucuma” (a 0 m ),
known from early times and one of them cultivated ; — observed by Molina (Steud.).
Adenostemum nitidum of Cliili. A large Sapotaceous tree, its delicious fruit known from eat y
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 661
time of the Incas ” (Garc. de la Vega) : the “ papa ” is mentioned in a Qmchua prayer (preserved by
C de Molina edit. Markh. 30) ; and was cultivated as far North as the Bogotan Andes, but to the
time of the Montezumas had not reached Mexico (Hernand. iii. 15, and Humb. iv. 9). Transported
to Europe S. tuberosum is described by Lobel nov. stirp. 317, Gerarde, Clusius, and C. Bauhin, its
times: —termed “ lucuma keale ” by Molina 202 as observed by him wild in groves, “ gomortega
nitida” by Ruiz and Pavon 108 (Pers., and Steud.). _
Peumus Dombeyi of Chili. A Lauraceous tree called in Chilian “ peumo” (Molin.), and its
fruit eaten from early times : — observed by Dombey (Steud.), and Molina ; by myself, frequent from
the coast to the Andes, and its fruit brought to market in large quantities.
Temus moschata of Chili. Called in Chilian ■■ temo ” (Mol.), and known from early times : — its
seeds according to Molina may be used for coffee.
Sisyrinchium bulbosum of Chili. Violet-flowered, called in Chilian “ illmu ” (Molin.), and
from early times its bulbs cooked and eaten, — exquisite in taste according to Molina ; observed
also by Feuillée iv. 8. . . \ • Alsiroemeria ligtu of Chili and the mountains of Peru. Called in Peru “ liutu (Pers.), in
Chili “ utata” (Mol.), and from early times farina obtained from its bulbous root, — suitable for
invalids according to Molina; observed also by Feuillée, and known to grow from Conception to the
environs of Lima (Ruiz and Pav. 59, Tew obs. ii. pl. 4, and Pers.).
Alstroemeria haemantha of Chili or Peru. Known from early times and farina also obtained
from its root —(Ruiz and Pav. 60, and Pers.).
Alstroemeria revoluta of Chili. Growing in the Chilian province of Rere, and from early times
farina obtained from its root — (Ruiz and Pav. iii. S9. Pers.).
Alstroemeria versicolor of Chili. Growing with the preceding, and from early times farina
obtained from its root— (Ruiz and Pav., and Pers.).
Rubia Chiiensis of Chili. Dyeing with indigenous plants practised from time immemorial
in Chili, and this species of madder called “ relbun” and used to dye red — (Molin.) ; observed
also by Feuillée pl. 45 ; by myself, frequent in the environs of Valparaiso, its berries orange-
coloured.
Sassia tinctoria of Chili. Called in Chilian “ sassia” (Molin.), and from early times its flowers
used to dye purple : — observed by Molina (Steud.).
Eupatorium Chilense of Chili. Annual, used from early times to dye yellow, — and by colonists
called “ contra yerba” (Molin.); observed also by Feuillée.
Santolina tinctoria of Chili. Called in Chilian “ poquel” (Molin.), and from early times used
to dye yellow : — observed also by Fenillee pl. 45.
Coriaria ruscifolia of Chili. A shrub called in Chilian “ deu” (Molin.), and from early times
its bark and leaves used to dye black ; — observed by Molina ; by Brackenridge, in the “ sands of the
seashore” within a few miles of Valparaiso ; by Feuiilée iii. pl. 12, as far as Peru (Pers.).
Lonicera? corymbosa of Chili. A shrub called in Chilian ‘ uthiu” (Molin.), and from^ early
times its bark and leaves used to dye black: — observed by Molina. From transported specimens,
termed “ loranthus corymbosus” by Lamarck (Steud.).
Baccharis? sp. of Chili. Called in Chilian “ thilco ” (Molin.), being the third shrub with leaves
and bark used from early times to dye black : — observed by Molina.
Gunnera scabra of Chili. A large Rheum-leaved herb called in Chilian “ panke” (Molin.), and
from early times its root used to dye black : —observed by Feuillée ii. 742, and Molina; by myself,
at the outlet of valleys near the sea-level.
Poinciana ? spinosa of Chili. Called in Chilian “ jaru,” known from early times, — and its berries
furnishing ink (Molin.) ; observed also by Feuillée.
Pseudocacia foi. mucr. of Chili. Called in Chilian “ mayu,” known from early times, — and its
juice furnishing ink (Molin.) ; observed also by Feuillée.
Lithræa Chiiensis of Chili. A large shrub called in Chilian “ lithi” (Molin.), allied to and
resembling Rhus cotinus aud its contact causing pustules:—observed by Molina; by mj-self, frequent
on the basal portion of the Andes.
May tenus Chiiensis of Chili. A small and graceful Celastroid tree called in Chilian “ niayten ”
(Molin.), and from eariy times a decoction of its young branches used to wash swellings produced
by the Lithræa: — observed by Feuillée iii. pl. 27, and Molina; by myself, here and there in the
Interior.
lonidium maytensillo of Chili. Violoid, and from early times highly esteemed as a purgative:
— observed by Feuillée fl. chil. iii. pl. 28. “ I. parviflorum” of Linnæus, and Ventenat 27, is referred
here by Hooker (Lind! ).
Linum aquilinum of Chili. Yellow-flowered, called in Chilian '■ retamilla ” (Molin.), and from
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