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1 4 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Indeed, Osarsiph is given Dionysus is expressly stated by Plutarch is. and osir. 35. as the Egyptian
name of Moses by Manetho.
'Irigonella hamosa of Cyprus, Syria and Egypt. Called in Egypt “ daragrag” or “ adjelmælck,”
in which we recognize the “ alchimelek ” of Avicenna, or the “ achilel melich ” identified by Serapion
with the “ mililötös : ” the “ mëlilôton ” growing on the banks of the Nile, coronary and connected
with the history of Osiris — (Plut. is. and osir. 14 and 38), may therefore be compared; T. hamosa
was observed in Egypt by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile; and farther North, by Plasselquist in
Palestine, and by Sibthorp on Cyprus. (See Lotus rectus).
Ninety-second generation. Sept. ist, 1234, mostly beyond youth : Assir, Elkanah, and Abiasaph,
sons of Korah (ex. vi. 24, num. xxvi. 11, and i Chron. vi. 22 and 37) : and among Greeks, Erichthonius
son of Dardanus and father of Tros (Plom. il. xxiv. 215 to 240) ; the Aeolic chieftains Sisyphus
and Salmoneus (Hes., Horn. il. vi. 154 and od. xi. 235, and Apollod.).
By Tectamus, grandson of PÎellen and father of Asterion, a migration of Dorians from Northern
Greece led into C re te— (Horn. od. xix. 172, Andron in Strab., and Diodor. iv. 60).
Saul succeeded by Baal-hanan, son of Achbor and now seventh king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi, 38,
and I Chron. i. 49).
1231 B. C, ( = “ 2Sth year of Tsou-kia,” Pauth. p. 69), death of the chief of the province of
Tcheou, after naming his youngest son for the succession. The two excluded brethren retired to
“ the Eastern extremity of Kiang-nan,” and after cutting their hair and making marks on the skin,
were received as rulers by the barbarous population around the mouth of the Kiang, The eldest
brother, Tai-pe, is regarded by several Chinese historians as the ancestor of the “ dairis ” or emperors
of Japan.*
Setariaverticillata of Subtropical Asia. A small kind of millet called in Yemen “ særa e r ra ”
(Forsk., and Steud.), in Japan “ hiye,” and cultivated there from the introduction of agriculture by
Ukemochi-no-kami — (Jap. centen. comm, 104) : observed under cultivation there by Kaempfer, and
Thunberg. Westward, by Ro.xburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan, and the same or a closely allied
species by myself under cultivation on the Deccan ; by Forskal p. 20, at Hadie in Yemen, and termed
“ p. adhærens ; ” by Delile, around Cairo; by Sibthorp, frequent in cultivated ground on the Greek
islands; is termed “ gr. geniculalum ” by Tabernæmontanus iii. 1,532 (Spreng.), “ p. vulgare spica
simplici et aspera” by Tournefort inst. 515 ; is known to occur as a weed throughout middle Europe,
and from at least the time of Ray in Britain (Roth germ. ii. 69, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and A . D e c ) .
Probably by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a weed “ near
dwellings, rare northward” (A. Gray), occurs also “ around dwellings, North Carolina” (Chapm.).
Phaseolus radiaius of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Called in Japan “ adzuki,” and mcluded perhaps
in “ the various kinds of peas and beans ” cultivated there from the introduction of agriculture
— (Jap. c. c. 32 and 104) : P. radiatus is known to occur also in China (Pers.). And from transported
specimens is described by Linnæus.
The same year = “ i8th year of Ramessu IV. ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments—
(Birch). Plis name occurs also in his tomb at Bab-el-nieluk.
1230 B. C. ( = 1280 y. 2 mo. — “ 51 yrs ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), a date possibly
I marking the accession of the usurping Ramessu V. Amunihopsef-miamun, third king
of the Twentieth dynasty. The name of Ramessu V. occurs in a tablet recording
I benefits conferred on Silsilis — (Birch).
In this year (— 710 -)- “ 520 years ” of Herodot. i. 95, Appian praef. c. 9 giving 331
“ 900 years ” =; 1231), commencement of “ Assyrian rule in Upper Asia ; ” after the death, as will
be observed of Ramessu III. The “ 526 y e a r s ” of Berosus, may again be compared. (See above,
Sosares and Ramessu I I I .) .
As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. 232)
Diptiman reigning in Hindustan.
* Anemone cermia of Japan. Known to the Chinese as early perhaps as this date and called
“ hak-too-woo ; ” — observed by Thunberg, and Sieb old i. pl. 4, on exposed parts of the mountains
of Japan; and according to Lindley, the “ root in great reputation among the Japanese and Chinese.”
Xanthoxylon piperitum of Japan. A prickly shrub called in Japan “ seo<” or “ sansjo ” (Lindl )
o r “ sansho” (Jap. c. c. 31), and known from early t im e s :— observed there by Kaempfer pi. R93,
Thunberg, and Siebold, used as spice in place of ginger or pepper. According to Lindley, “ llic
active principle chiefly in the fresh leaves, the dry bark, and the pericarp ; ” the bruised leaves applied
in a poultice to sore throats.
Ocymum crispum of Japan. — Observed there by Thunberg 248, an infusion of the leaves used
against rheumatism (Lindl.).
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
“ 1225 B- C. = is t year of Lin-sin, of the Chan g” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ In the time of the Chang” (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 472), arrival in China of Youe-yeou of
the East, having the hair cut short and the body tattooed {Malayans) “ bringing boxes of fish skins,
bucklers and short swords ; and from the South, pearls, tortoise-shell, elephants' teeth, peacocks' featli-
ers, birds, and small dogs.”
The “ peacocks' feathers ” may liave come from Burmah ; where the bird in its wild state was
observed by Mason, being not exclusively confined to Hindustan. — The peacock (according to Stevenson)
is mentioned in the Sama Veda: a doubtful figure was observed by myself in the Budhist
cave-temples at Adjunta; but distinct, figures, in Braminical cave-temples at Ellora. Westward,
“ twkyym ” peacocks were brought up the Red Sea in Solomon’s ships ( i K. x. 22, and 2 Chron. ix.
2I) ; and among the Greeks, the“ ta ô s ’’ peacock is mentioned by Eupolis, Aristophanes, Strattis
Anaxilaus, Menodotus, and Athenaeus.
The “ pearls” may have come from the coral-bound shores of the East Indies and Burmah, or
possibly from Ceylon, — long celebrated for its pearl-fishery. The discovery of pearls “ margarilen
the ton thalassion,” was attributed by some among the Indians to Hercules; the shell containing
them, or the pearl-oyster, is further described by Megasthenes ; and Arrian ind. 8 states, that pearls
imported from India were formerly in great request among the wealthier Greeks, as in his own day
among the Romans.
The “ tortoise-shell" was probably really from the South, from among the East India islands.
Tortoise-shell from the Indian Ocean, may at this time have been brought up the Red Sea to the
Mediterranean countries, — but I am not aware of any direct evidence. “ Dorsa testudinum ” were
brought to Alexander on the Lower Indus (Q. Curt. ix. 25) ; the art of splitting tortoise-shell was
first taught by Carvilius Pollio (Plin. ix. 13) ; and I found tortoise-shell a well known article of commerce
at Mocha.
The Philippines known therefore to the Chinese probably at this date.*
Subsequent to the “ parousia” arrival of Danaus, and before the accession of Lynceus (Tat., and
Clem. Alex.), recovery and return of Europa daughter of Phoenix. She became the wife of Asterion
ruler of Crete (Horn. il. xiv. 321, Apollod. iii. i. 2, and Paus. vii. 4. i) .
1222 B. C. ( = 1 181 “ 41 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Apollod., and Pausan.
X . 35. i ) , Danaus succeeded by Lynceus, husband of his daughter Hypermnestra, and now twelfth
king of Argos. Minerva's at lÀnàus in Rhodes, attributed to the daughters of Danaus,—
continued extant in the days of Herodotus. Callimachus, Apollodorus, Diodorus, and Strabo xiv. 2.’ i i .
Xanthium strumarium of Nortliern climates. Called in Britain bar-weed pr ditch-bur, by T u rner
“ dyche-bur” trom growing on dykes (Prior), in France “ lampourde glouteron ” (Fée), in Germany
“ spitzklette,” in Italy “ sanzio” or “ lappolone” or “ lappola minore ” or “ bardana minore”
(Lenz), in Greece “ ëmëra kôllëtzatha” (Fraas), in Egypt “ kharaq el-balir” (Del.), in Yemen “ mandj
el ma” or “ kavar ei abid ” (Forsk.) : the “ argemon ” herb healing swine, and said to have been discovered
by Minerva. — is identified by Pliny xxiv. 116 to xxv. 15 with the “ canaria lappa and the
‘ lappam ” of the Romans by Syn. Diosc. with the “ xanthiôn : ” the “ xanthion ” is described by Dioscorides
as growing in fertile soil and dried-up pools, a cubit high with an angular fleshy stem, “ alra-
phaxëi ’’-like leaves liaving the odour of “ karthamô,” fruit like a large olive, prickly and adhering to
garments, and made into a plaster against swellings ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the
“ hôirathôlëthrôn ” by some called “ aparinen ; ” is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : X
strumaririm was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the
Peloponnesus ; and farther South, by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, by myself along the river-bank ;
and by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen. Westward, is described by Lobel, Gerarde, anci
Parkinson; is termed “ xanthium” by Tournefort inst. 439 and plant, par. ii. p 124, who ¿u n d
scrofula dispersed by its leaves (Spreng.) : was observed by Lenz seemingly wild throughout I t a ly
and is known to occur as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 970, and A. Dec.). Farther West, is known t l
oçcur on the Azores Islands (Wats.) ; was observed by myself along the seashore of New England
* Justicia (Graptophylluni) pictum of the Malayan archipelago. A garden shrub called in
Malabar “ tjude-marum ” (Rheede), in Burmah “ gnwie-ban” or the' sanguineous-leaved variety “ salat
nee” (Mason), in Tagalo “ balasbas ” or from its variegated leaves “ moradong mapiiti ” violet
white, in Bisaya “ balasbas ’’ or “ antolang” or “ san francisco ; ” and known from e lr ly times : — ob-
seived bj; Rheede v. pl. 60 in Malabar; by Graham, “ a very common shrub in gardens ” and “ several
varieties ” cultivated in tlie environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wallich, in other parts of
Hindustan; by Mason, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah ; is described also by Rumphius iv. pl. 30; was observed
by Blanco 011 the Philippines, planted by the natives, the bruised leaves applied to cancerous tu-
mours of the breast.