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3 2 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
This word “ b a la ” seems the origin of the Sanscrit, Persian, and Arabic names, and may
therefore be regarded as an early specimen of the Burman languages ,
‘■340 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), total defeat of the Latins at mount Vesuvius by the consul T. Manlius
Torquatus, partly through the self devotion of his colleague P. Decius Mus. A son of T. Manlius
Torquatus, having contrary to orders engaged and slain an enemy in single combat, was put lo death
by his father; and the supremacy of Rome over Latium was now established.
The same year = “ 20th year of Artaxer.xes I II . Ochus,” mentioned in both the Maneth. tables.
“ In or about this y e a r ” (Lubke a n d . Lutrow), at Priene in Asia Minor, building under the
architect Pytheos of the temple to Minerva.
Various animals of “ Ethiopia” or Abyssinia described by Dinon, as 0 PN I6 AS : T OY i :
MONOKEPQi — ( A e l i a n xvii. 10), the Abyssinian/zinv/(5z//, Buceros.
The YS • TET P AKE P i i i— the Abyssinian ho^LV, Phacochoeres Aeham : mentioned also by
Agatharchides’ (Ael. v. 27); the “ hoirglaphon ” seen and eaten in Abyssinia by Cosmas Indicopleustes
xi"p. 336, according to his accompanying figure, is clearly the same animal:
And nPOBATA devoid of wool, TPIXAS : AE ; KAMHAQN : EX 0 N T A - the Somali or hairy
variety of the sheep (already mentioned). . . ., , . »- • .
“ 339 B. C.” (Diodor., and Clint.), the Carthaginian army defeated m Sicily at the river Crimisus
by Timoleon king of Syracuse.
“ In this y e a r ” ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), at Athens, Speusippus succeeded by Xenocrates as head
of the Academic school of Philosophy.
“ The same y e a r ” (S yn ce ll), end of the Maneth. tables. Clearly the initial point of reckoning,
— notwithstanding that Arses is mentioned, and the death of Danus. (If however as Syncellus
further states, the point of reckoning is from the conquest of Egypt by Alexander, see B. C. 348).
“ 33SB. C.” (Clint, ii. p. 382, = 340 — “ 2 y e a r s ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table, see Astronom.
can.), Artaxerxes I I I . succeeded by Arses, twelfih Persian emperor. He reigned only “ two”
years (according to the Astronomical canon) ; and his name has not been found on the Egyptian
monuments. • , r j
“ The same y e a r ” (Dionys., Diodor., and Clint.), the Athenian and Theban armies defeated at
Chaeronea by Pliilip, and the last obstacle to his ascendancy over the States of Greece now removed.
On the battle-field, a colossal statue of a lion was e r e c t edment i one d by Pausanias ix. 40. 10;
but at the present day in fragments, and the only sepulchral monument of “ the better days of Hellas,
with the exception perhaps of the tumulus of Marathon, the identity of which is beyond dispute ”
(Mure in Sm. geogr. die t). .
Acacia fistula of .the Upper Nile. A tree called by the Arabs “ soffar” flute, by the natives of
Soudan “ whistling tre e ” (Schweinf.); and the KI0 APA plant of Clitonymus, growing on mount
Pano-aeus from the blood of Orpheus, and emitting the sound of a harp during the Dionysia (Plut.
flum" 3. 4). notwithstanding the different locality may be compared: A . fistula was observed■ by
Schweinfurth iii. in Lat. 10° on the Upper Nile, conspicuous in the Acacia groves throughout an
area a hundred miles square, yielding gum, and the holes left by the departure of a gall-insect rendered
musical by the wind like “ a thousand flutes give out their hollow dirge.”
“ 337 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Suipicius Longus and P. Aelius Paetus consuls, the first
plebeian praetor 0 . Publilius Philo.
“ 336 B. C .” "(Eratosth., Arrian, and Clint.), Philip slain ; and the accession of his son Alexander
as king of Macedonia.
* Croton thet-yen-nee of Burmah. Its roots from early times employed by the natives as a cathartic
• — observed by Mason v. 492 abounding “ in some parts especially on the Maulmain hills.”
' “ Croton thet-yen-ka-dau ” of Burmah. A shrub three or four feet high, having similar properties
with the preceding — according to the natives : observed by Mason v. 492 frequent “ in the neighborhood
of Rangoon,” and found occasionally in Tenasserim.
Alstonia ? let-htuk of Burmah. An Apocynoiis tree, its bark employed from early times to cure
rheumatism, and its very white smooth wood to make yokes, — also chopped and boiled with jaggery
by the natives to mix in segars : observed by Mason v. 538.
Wrighiia sp. of Burmah. A small Apocynous shrub, from early limes employed as a vermifuge :
— observed by Mason v. 415 “ abundant in the Toungoo forests.”
-■ Cynomorium sp. of Burmah. A fungusdike flowering plant, valuable as a styptic : — observed
by Wallich in Tenasserim, “ parasitical on the roots of tree s ” (Mason v. 505).
Colocasia odora of the Siamese countries. The fragrant anan called “ pemg-ma-haw-ya ”
(Mason) cultivated from early times,— according to the Burmese “ for medicine:” observed by
Voight, and Mason v. 436 to 816, the flowers said to be odorous.
J .
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 2 3
“ In this y e a r ” (Clint, ii. p. 384, = 332 + “ 4 ye ars ” of the Afr.-Maneth. t + e — 3^0 +
v ea rs ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, see Astronom. can.). Arses succeeded by Danus III. Codoma-
nus, thirteenth Persian emperor. The name of Darius III. has not been found on the Egyptian
called in Arabic “ a r z ” or “ ro u z ” (Del.), heard of by the Greeks as a production o f Hindustan
as early probably as this d a t e , - f o r “ oinon oruzes” arrack is mentioned by Aristotle ym.
“ 6 as sometimes given to elephants: “ oruza” was found by Alexander’s Expedition under cultivation
in Hindustan (Aristob.), and the account by Theophrastus iv. 4- 10 seems to imply that the
l i v i n o - plant continued unknown in the Mediterranean countries. If the above names are derive
from"the Malay “ bras,” this may prove the earliest instance of the incorporation of a Malay wordm
the Greek language (see Oryza sativa). , , , j i ai
“ 335 B C .” (P in t, Arrian, and Clint.), Boeotian Thebes, having revolted, destroyed by Alexander
and Pindar’s house alone left standing. Next sending to Athens, Alexander demanded Uie
persols of the orators : but was propitiated by Demades. The fo+w in g orators were n am « Demosthenes,
Polyeuctus, Ephialtes, Lycurgus, Moerocles, Damon, and Callisthenes, wiA the Athenian
general Charidemus ; according to other accounts, the demand was for “ te n ; and (according o
Arrian) Hyperides, Diotimus, and the Athenian general Chares, were mcluded. ^
“ The same y e a r ” (Suid,, and Clint.), comedy exhibited by Philippides ; by grammarians regarded
as one of the six standard poets of the “ New Comedy.” . . . . „ . 1
“ In this y e a r ” (Evaenetus being archon, according to the inscription), budding at Athens of
the choragic monument of I.ysicrates.
“ T h e same y e a r ” ( S m . b. d ) , A r i s t o t l e r e t u r n i n g f r o m M a c e d o n i a t o A t h e n s .
Aristotle meteor, i. 3 speaks of the Earth as shown by astronomical theorems to be much
smaller than some of the stars ; ” and that these are far more distant from us than the sun ; the sun
being at the same time more distant than the moon (i. 8). , ,, , a 1 ■
The phenomenon of red snow described by Aristotle animal, v. 19; and red and hairy
SKQAHKEi worms ” mentioned in connexion. „
The mr iEAA' tOS described by Aristotle ii. i as inhabiting Arachosia — (South of the
Paropamisus), is admitted to be the Indian stag, Cervus hippelaphus.
The “ badizahr,” mentioned by Aristotle — according to Ebn Baitar, also by Rhazes Haly
Abbas, Avicenna, and Serapion, is admitted to be bezoar stones; highly prized among Orientjls, and
ascertained by Bontius to be alvine concretions formed in various quadrupeds, m goats, gazelles, and
The MYS ■ TO ■ KHTO-S described by Aristotle an. iii. 12 as having in the mouth in.ffead
of teeth bristles like 'those of the swine, — is referred by writers to the right whale,^ Balmna mysti-
cetus. Confirmation is found in the KHTH being enumerated in 111. 20 among ot.ier sea-ammals
having- mammte and milk. , v .1 „ *
The insect produced among books, described by Aristotle an. v. 32 as re s e r th n g the garmeto
moth, - may be compared with the Lepisma. This insect has been introduced by European colomsts
into North Ame rica ; where it is now often seen in houses and among heaps of paper.
The other insect produced among books, described by Aristotle as small and like i K 0 PH I 01/ .
ANEY ■ THS • OY P A S , scorpions without the t a i l , - i s clearly the false-scorpion or Chel.fer, ^ This
insect has been introduced by European colonists into North Am e r ica ; where it is now occasionally
met with in houses. , r • 11 a ■
Habzelia yEthiopica of Equatorial Africa. A tree whose transported fruit is called in Darfour
“ kumba” (Browne), in Egypt “ amama” ( --------- ) ; in which we recognize the AMQMON of
A r is to tle ,-T h e o p h ra s tu s ix. 7. 2 and od. 32, described by Dioscorides as woody and convoluted
in the form of grapes, termed “ amomi u v a ” by Pliny xii. 28, mentioned also by Athenaeus xi, 11
and Isidorus: the dried fruit of H. « th io p ica was received from Egypt by Matth 1 oh ; is_ termed
“ piper YEthiopicam” by Lobel pb 205, “ habzeli ” and “ piper nigrorum” by C. Bauhm pm. 412;
was seen by Forskal mat. med. p. 164, and Delile, in the drug-shops of E g yp t, ^ y rowne, rougi
by the Soudan caravans to Darfour ; and according to Lindley, the tree grows m Sierra Leone and
in the “ palmwoods of Senegambia,” and its “ fruit, pungent aromatic and often substituted for other
spices, is the “ piper mthiopicum” of commerce. H. aromatica found by Aublet i. p l 243 in le
woods of Guaiana, the fruit “ employed by the Blacks in lieu of spice ” (L in d l) , is described as distinct,
but is at least an introduced tree, indigenous according to Bojer on the Mauritius Islands.
Phaca Boetica oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agriokoukia’ o r “ agriolou-
p in o” (Sibth.); and the SISTPON plant growing along the Scamander according to Aristotle
probl 160, resembling the EPEBINei i and named from the rattling seeds, — may be compared.
P. Boetica was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on mountains from the Peloponnesus to
Cyprus. Westward, is termed “ astragalus primus sive boeticus ” by Clusius hist, 11. 233, ‘ astra