. irò*. „
668 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
of channels of irrigation; so that larger crops of m a i z e , “ papas” [ p o t a t o e s ) , and other esculents,*
could be raised-— (G. de la Vega v. i).
“ 1022 A. D.” (Nicol.), by a synod at Orleans, “ thirteen Manichæans ” condemned to be
burned.
“ The same year” (Blair), 7n n s i c of a new kind, “ under six notes,” invented by Aretinus (Guy
d’Arezzo).
“ At the time the first Incas were founding the city of Cuzco” (Ciez. Ixxiv), incursion of the
Yuncas of the Chincha valley Eastward into the mountains. They are said to have done “ much
mischief in Soras and Encanas ” and to have advanced as far as the Collao table-land, returning with
“ great spoils.” — But were conquered in the time of Tupac Yupanqui.
The use o i g u a n o as manure in Lower Peru from Arequipa to Tarapaca known from early times.
The sea-birds producing it on islets along the coast — protected by laws issued by the Incas (Ciez.
Ixxv, and Garc. de la Vega ii. 5. 3). Frezier 152 in 1713 found guano exported from Iquique and
other places along the coast to Arica and Ilo.
G e n . C u c u r b i t a r . of Western Peru. The “ pepino” cultivatçd in the Chincha valley as early
probably as this date : f — described by Cieza de Leon Ixvi to Ixxiv as “ one of the most singular fruits 1 ever saw,” fragrant, “ not like those of Spain although they bear some resemblance,” “ yellow Avhen
the peel is taken off, and so delicious that it is necessary to eat many : ” by Tschudi 192, as grown
in great abundance, creeping on the ground, its fruit cylindrical, four to five inches long and somewhat
pointed at both ends, the husk yellowish-green with long rose-coloured stripes, the edible part
solid juicy and well-flavoured but very indigestible. “ Momordica pedata” observed by Feuillée i. pl.
41 in Peru, the fruit striate (Pers.), may be compared. Transported to the Mediterranean, “ M.
pedata” was seen by Delile in gardens at Cairo.
“ In this year (= 413 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), on his way to assist the Hindu king of Canouj,
Mahmud opposed by Jeipal 11, of Lahore. The city and territory were now annexed to Ghazni, and
a permanent A f u s / i / n g a r r i s o n for the first time established East of the Indus.
“ 1023 A. D. ~ ‘ thian-ching,’ ist year of Jin-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year ” (art de verif.), the “ jeki ” or plague committing great ravages in Japan.
* O x a i i s t u b e r o s a of Chili. A species of w o o d - s o r r e l having potato-like roots, and called in
Chilian “ oca” (Molin.), in the Collao “ apilla” (Markh ) ; in which we recognize the “ ocas,” one
of the esculents in question — according to G. de la Vega v. i : 0. tuberosa was observed also by
Markham edit. ii. p. 359 under cultivation in the cold region of the Collao. Farther South, is regarded
by Molina iii. 24 as properly a Chilian plant.
O x a i i s c r e n a t a of the Peruvian Andes. An allied species, perhaps the “ añus ” in question,
having a root differing in taste and which can only be eaten cooked— (G. de la Vega v. i) : 0.
crenata was observed by Feuillée iii. pl. 24, Molina 109, and Humboldt iv. 9, under cultivation on the
Peruvian Andes ; by myself, near the extreme limit on the Western slope, planted in small patches,
often alternating with those of the potato.
C h e n o p o d i u m q u i n o a of the Bogotan ? Andes. A species of g o o s e f o o t bearing esculent seeds,
one of the crops in question ; its seeds used also by the natives to make a beverage like that from
maize, its flower employed medicinally, and its tender and wholesome leaves eaten— (G. de la Veg-
V. T to viii. 9) : C. quinoa was observed by Feuillée med. pl. 10, Molina loi (A. Dec.), Tschudi under
cultivation on the Andes, according to Humboldt iv. 9 from Chili to Bogota ; and seeds brought by
Couthouy from Quito have been shown me. Transported to Europe, has been successfully cultivated
in Germany (Markh. edit. ii. p. 357).
t B a c c h a r i s s c a n d e n s of Lower Peru. Called there “ chilca ” (Markh.), and giving its name to
the village of Chilca— (South of Lima); the Inca Pluascar, when taken prisoner by the forces of
Atahualpa, was insulted by the offer of “ chillca ” leaves instead of coca (Salcam. edit. Markh. 118) :
the “ chilca” shrub is mentioned also by G. de la Vega i. 187 : B. scandens was observed by Ruiz
and Pavon in the arid portion of Peru (Pers.); by Markham edit. p. 307, thickets on the battle-field
near Guamanga.
P r o s o p i s h o 7' r i d a of the Western valleys facing the Pacific. A large tree called “ guaranga
(Markh.), and known from early times ; — the “ algaroba ” was observed by Cieza de Leon xxxvi to
Ixvii in the mountain-valleys throughout Western Peru, its pods “ somewhat long and narrow and
not so thick as ” those of beans, used in some places, to make bread “ and it is considered good ; ” fi-
hórrida was observed in Peru by Plumboldt and Bonpland (Steud.) ; by Markham p. 2 3 9 , bearing
abundant “ clusters of pods, which form excellent food for mules and cattle and for immense herds of
goats,” its timber “ very hard.”
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 669
“ 1024 A. D. = 2d year of the ‘ thian-ching ’ of Jin-tsoung ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning
o f t h e Sixty-second cycle. , ^ t -
“ The same year” (Alst., and Nicol.), Henricus II. succeeded by Conradus IL Sahcus, fifth
emperor of Germany and Italy.
“ The same year” (Alst., and Nicoh), at Rome, Benedictus VIII. succeeded by Joannes XX.,
eio-hty-second archbishop.
“ September (— 415 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), leaving Ghazni with an army Mahmud crossed
the Indus and reached Multan in October. With “ twenty thousand” camels crossing the Desert,
he made his appearance before Anhalwara so unexpectedly that the king of Guzerat was constrained
to abandon the city. Continuing his march, Mahmud after a great battle captured^and plundered the
oreat temple at Somnat, and destroyed the idol. — Fie remained more than a year in Guzerat, having
visions of a fleet, the gems of Ceylon, and gold mines of Pegu, and on leaving set up a new Plindu
king.
“ 1025 A. D.” (Alst.), Constantinus IX. now sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
“ 1026 A. D. (“ 1083 ann. Vicram.,” Wilford as. res. viii. p. 289 and ix. p. 74), the latest of the
four mounds or “ Meru-sringas ” near Benares raised by two sons of Bhupala, king of Gaura.*
“ 1027 A. D.” (Kalhana hist. Cash., and FI. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 260), accession of Samgrama
as king of Cashmere.
^Iesue living at Cairo. Fie had been physician to “ Alhaken ” or Hakem (Leo Afric. med. arab.
273), quotes Avicenna, — and died “ in 1028” (Spreng.).
Z y g o p h y l h i j n c o c c i n e u 7 n of the Desert, from Barbary to the border of Siberia. Called m Egypt
“ rotræjt ” or “ kamun karamani,” in which we recognize the “ cimini carmeni ” of Mesue electuar. : —
Z. coccineum was observed by Forskal p. 87, and Delile, in the Desert between Cairo and Suez, frequent
but avoided by all cattle, even by the camel; the aromatic seeds however used medicinally,
against colic by the Egyptians. The plant was also observed by Shaw f, 231 in Barbary, and is
known to grow on the border of Siberia (Pers.).
L a s e r p i i i i u n g l a b r t u n of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. By the French called
“ turbith des montagnes ” (Fee) ; the “ turbith ” of Mesue, — referred by Sprengel to a Thapsia,^ may
be compared: L. glabrum is described by Morison ix. pl. 19; and was observed by Crantz iii. 54,
and Jacquin pl. 146 in dry wooded situations on mountains within the Austrian dominions (Pers.).
According to Lindley, “ the root is gorged with a gum resinous juice, which is acrid, bitter and even
somewhat caustic : it is reckoned a violent purgative.”
A c h i l l e a a g e r a i u 7 / i of Europe. Called in Britain 7/ i a w d e l e y n or 77i a u d e l i } i e from Magdalen
(Prior), in Languedoc “ herba divæ Mariæ ” (Lyte ii. 67) : the “ eupatorion” of Mesue — is referred
here by Andr. Marinus ed. Mes. pl. 59 ; A. ageratum is described also by Tragus i. pl. 175^
thioli (Spreng.), and Lobel pl. 489; is termed “ ageratum” by Banhin ; is known to grow wild
in Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.); and was observed by Gittard in the Peloponnesus
(Chaub.).
“ 1028 A. D.” (Alst.), Constantinus IX. succeeded by Romanus IL, forty-first Byzantine
emperor.
“ 1029 A. D.” (rudim. chron. LoncL), in England, the causeway connecting Peterborough with
Ramsey built by Canute II.
“ The same year” (Talvi iii. i). the Moravian kingdom dissolved; and Moravia proper, inhabited
by a Slavonian people, united with Bohemia.
In this year (9 9 6 + “ after his 33d year,” Mahavams. Ixxviii.), Parackramabahoo succeeded
by his nephew Pandita-wijeya-Chako, now king of Ceylon. — He composed poems in the Pah lan-
guage.
“ 1030, Apr. 29th (= 421 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), death of Mahmud of Ghazni, the most
renowned monarch of his time. “ Within five months,” he was succeeded by his son Masaud.
“ 1030-2 A. D.” (Humb. cosm. ii.), Abul-Ryhan, or Albiruni of Byrun in the valley of the
Indus, corresponding with Avicenna — who died “ in 1036.”
* Z i z y p / m s o e n o p U a of Tropical Flindustan and Burmah. A thorny shrub (Graham), called in
Bengal “ sehacul,” and brought to W. Jones as the “ ghonta ” or “ gopaphonta” of an ancient Sanscrit
poet, a tree shaped like the “ vadari ” (Z. jujuba), growing only in forests and having very small
fruit, — and “ ghonta” ofthe Amara-cosha (as. res. iv. 264); the “ ghonta” or “ gopaghonta” is mentioned
by Susrutas (Flessl.) : Z. oenoplia was observed by Graham, in “ the Concans; ” by Burmann
pl 61, W. Jones, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Ceylon and Bengal, its fruit black and of the size of a
pea, eaten by the natives, and the bark of the fresh root in decoction “ said to promote the healing
of fresh wounds ; ” was observed by Mason in Burmah.
V.
Í •
>'
i-F -tt -