io68 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ In this year ” (A. Dec. p. 716), after his first edition in “ 1826,” Darlington publishing a second
edition of his Flor. W. Chest., enumerating Euphorbia Darlinqtonii.
In this year, Engelmann in Northeast America, meeting with Isoetes riparia.
“ The same y e a r ” (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. p. 190), at Banabe or Ascension Island, “ aman
who had been drifted thither in a canoe ” from “ Maraki” (one of the Tarawan coral-islands) informed
Maigret, That “ his people were accustomed to make a sweet drink called takarave, unlike any thing
to be found at Ascension.” This, according to Hale, “ is a beverage made of the sweet juice drawn
from the spathe of the cocoa-nut tree.”
“ In thi.s y e a r ” (title-page), Blanco publishing at Manila his Flor. Filipin.
“ In this year ” (Winckl.), Edmond Boissier travelling in Southern Spain. — Fle published his
Plant. Nov. “ in 183S,” and Voyage Botan. “ in 1S39-45.”
“ 1838, June 20th” (second edit. pref. and 354), end of the chronicle of N. Harris Nicolas.
“ In this year ” (Pritzel), Ramon de la Sagra publishing the Botanical part of his Hist. cub. : —
it was left incomplete by A. Richard “ in 1842.”
“ In this y e .ir ” (title-page and pref.), Lindley publishing his Flor. Med.
“ 1S39 A. D .” (Ciot-Bey and others), Mahmood II. succeeded by Abd-el-Medjid, thirty-second
Turkish sultan.
“ The same y e a r ” ( . . . . ) , the art of photography discovered by Daguerre. — Specimens of the
art, “ daguerrotypes,” first seen by myself on the arrival of the Vincennes at Singapore.
“ In this y e a r ” (Dallet ii. 13T), Fourth persecution of Christians in Corea.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), A. FI. R. Grisebach publishing his monogr. Gentian., and visiting
Roumelia and Bithynia as far as Broussa. — He published his Spic. flor. Rumel. “ in 1843-5.”
Limiianiheuiuin Forbesianum of Mozambique. Received by Grisebach from Mozambique, and
from Ceylon — (A. Dec.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Pref.), Graham publishing his Plants of Bombay. He died “ May 28th,” and
from the “ two hundredth page ” the publication was completed by Nimmo.
“ 1840 A. D.” (Kobell iv.), the art of electrotyping discovered by Jacobi.
“ In this y e a r ” (A. Dec. 800, and Winckl.), after residing at Montpelier “ in 1827,” Moquin-
Tandon publishing his monogr. Chenopod.
■ “ 1S41 A. D .” (Brendel in Am. Nat. 1870), Liebmann arriving in Mexico, meeting with Quercus
Oaxacana. — He remained until “ 1843.”
In this year (see A. Gray man. 2d ed. 176), Sullivant at Columbus on the Ohio, meeting with
Asclepias Sullivanti, Eleocharis compressa, Carex Sullivaiiti, Arabis patetis.
“ 1842 A. D .” (Dallet ii. 256), the Opium war carried on by the English against China. The
city of Nang-king was captured, and by the treaty of “ Aug. 29th” the isle of Hong-kong ceded.
The Chinese for the first time undergoing humiliation before Europeans.
“ In this year ” (Pritzel), Loddiges and sons publishing the Orchideæ in their collection, “ 1654
species.”
“ December” (Bonom. Nin. i. 2), excavations on the site of Nineveh commenced by Botta; appointed
by the French government consular agent at Mosul*
“ 1843, May 19th,” and “ about the same time” that the site of Lake Moeris was discovered by
Linant, Lepsius (eg. and sin. p. 14) encamped among the ruins of the Labyrinth. Continuing up
the Nile, Lepsius 268 ascertained, that “ a great part of the population of Thebes still ” remains Coptic.
Ascending beyond Philæ, he describes Korusco as “ an Arabian place in the centre of the land
of Nubians,” and inhabited by “ Ababde” (judging apparently by the language, the Ababdeh being
an Ethiopian tribe speaking the Arabic language), p. 127. The Nubian language \s à<tscr\he.àhy
him as having “ no accordance ” with the Egyptian, nor with Semitic languages, in the “ grammatical
forms ” and “ radical words : ” having terms for “ God, spirit, slave,” but the numbers above twenty
are borrowed from the .Yrabic ; as also the terms for “ time, year, month, day, hour, servant, friend,
enemy, temple, to pray, believe, read, and every thing connected with house-building and navigation,”
p. 128.— In Upper Nubia, Taiba was found inhabited only by Fukara, a kind of priest, who read,
write, and the chief is believed in like a prophet; they call themselves “ Arakin,” and are probably
of “ Arab race,” p. 187. The jVuba languages (spoken by a Negro tribe) are described as “ partly
related to the Berber,” p. 209. But the Kongara laziguage of Dar Fur was “ quite different from the
Nubian,” and presented “ strong analogy with South African languages” (belongs therefore to the
Negro class of languages), p. 234. Returning down the Nile and proceeding Eastward to Sinai and
Palestine, Lepsi.us found “ the pascha of Jerusalem at war with Hebron,” p. 334: the Samarians
* Euphorbia Bojeri of Madagascar. An ornamental scarlet-flowered species, transported to
Europe, and described by Hooker. — By European colonists also, introduced into the gardens cf
Burmah, where it has become frequent (Mason v. 421 and 762).
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1069
reduced to “ about one hundred and fifty ” persons ; who hold “ no communication with Jews, Christians,
or Mahommedans,” and continue to “ annually offer up a sheep on Mount Garazim : ” the
“ ornamental p a rt” of the ruins at Balbeck, Is pronounced by him “ heavy, overloaded, and some in
a very barbarous taste,” p. 346. ®
“ Sept. 15th ” (Maunder), bloodless uprising in Greece : effecting the removal of foreigners from
high official station.
“ In this y e a r ” (A. Dec. g. plant. 672, and Winckl.), Babington publishing his Manual of British
botany.*
“ 1844 A. D.” (Dallet ii. 266), André Kim from China travelling across Mandshuria to the Northern
frontier of Corea. He ascertained that the Mandshus extend very little beyond “ Lat. 46°,” and
are bounded on the North by two small States of Ou-kin, and Tu-pi-latse or Fish-skin Tartars; on
the West, by the river Soungari and the Stone barrier.
“ In thi.s y e a r ” (title-page and pref.), W. Smith publishing his Diet. Greek and Roman Biogr.,
— completed in “ 1849.”
“ In this year ” (Winckl.), Louis Pfeiffer publishing on the plants of Hesse in Germany ; f — “ in
1847,” his Flor. niederhess.
“ 1845 A. D.” (Inman), by act of Congress, Texas annexed to the Union as a State : the territories
o f Florida and Iowa, also admitted as States. — The act was not accepted by the people of Iowa,
until “ 1849.”
“ In this y e a r ” (W in ck l) , C. L. Gay publishing his Hist, fisic. Chile.
“ In this year ” (Pritzel), after his Lasiopetal, monogr. “ in 1821,” and other memoirs down to
“ 1842,” Jacques Gay publishing his Holost. monogr.
“ In this y e a r ” (Win ck l), F. I. Ruprecht publishing his Flores Samojed.
“ Dec. 8th ” (Humb. cosm. iv.), after an interval of “ thirty-eight” years without planetary discoveries,
a fifth asteroid found by Hencke, and named Astrea.
“ 1846 A. D .” (Inman), through the action of the U. S. government, our first aggressive foreign
war. Against Mexico ; the collision between military forces taking place “ May 7th ” at Palo Alto,
East of the Rio Grande.
“ Sept. 23d” (Humb. cosm. iv.), the planet Neptune discovered by Galle, whose attention had
been directed to its vicinity by the calculations of Leverrier. — A satellite was discovered by Lassell
as qarly as “ Aug. 6th, 1S47.”
“ Sept. 30th,” in Boston, W. T. G. Morton dentist, having a refractory patient, called on Charles
T. Jackson physician and chemi.st, and was advised to try e the r— (Atlant. monthly, 1868). The
incident led to the demonstration, that inhaling ether induces insensibility to pain during surgical
operations. Verified shortly afterwards at the Massachusetts ho.spital.
“ In this y e a r ” (Winckl.), after his Outlines geogr. distr. Brit, plants, H. C. Watson publishinsr
his Cybele Britan.
“ 1848 A. D .” (Inman), the territory of Wisconsin admitted into the Union as a State.
“ In this y e a r ” (dedicat.), A. Gray publishing his flor. Northern U. States, enumerating N~as-
iurtiuni lacustre.
“ 1849 A. D.” (Troyon 85), by Boucher de Perthes, publication of his discovery near .Ybbeville
in France of ancient relics ; some of tliem belonging to the Stone period. ■—
“ 1850, Aug. 26th” (Inman), passage by the U. S. congress of a fugitive slave law: and “ Sept.
7th,” California admitted into the Union as a State.
“ 1851 A. D.” (title-page), Rev. Francis Mason at Tavoy publishing his flor. Burman.
“ In this y e a r ” (Mann), Remy visiting the Hawaiian Islands. — He remained until “ 1S55.”
“ In this y e a r ” (W in ck l) , after his revis. Anemon. “ in J842,” Pritzel publishing his Thesaurus
lit. botan.
“ 1852, F eb. 12th ” (Mason iii. 61), Second English war with Burmah. — Ending •• Tune 20th, 1853 ”
in the deposition of the reigning monarch ; the East India Companj' virtULillv acquiring control of the
country ; though a native king remains on the throne.
“ In the winter of 1853 to 1854” (Troyon pref.), on the margin of Lake Zurich, discovery by
Ferd. Keller of tlie remains of a lacustrine village belonging to prehistoric times, to the Stone period.
* Cuscuta h-ifolii oJ . . . . Observed in Britain and distinguished by Babington ; — but according
to Bromfield iii. 563 seems adventive, multiplying at tinies and becoming scarce, as though liable
to disappear (A. De c.).
t Cuscuta Hassiaca of Eastern Europe. A species of dodiler observed in Hesse and distinguished
by Pfeiffer. — In Britain, introduced among plants raised for cattle-feed, but continues confined
to cultivated or artificial meads (A. Dec.).
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