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5 5 2 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
observed by Sibthorp in Greece, in shaded springy places ; and is known to grow throughout middle
Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 2024).
*■ June ” (Eutrop,, and Clint.), Julian succeeded by Jovian, forty-sixth Roman emperor. Who,
ceding five provinces, concluded peace with the Persians and retreated from the Euphrates. Jovian,
while protecting the followers of the ancient religion, declared himself a Christian, and issued an
edict placing Christianity upon a legal basis.
“ 364, h'cb. 17th” (Idat., and C lint), Jovian succeeded by Valentinian, forty-seventh Roman
emperor. Who, taking up his residence in Italy, gave the Eastern portion of the Empire to his
brother Valens. Valentinian appointed Vettius Praetextatus, proconsul of Achaia under Julian and a
heathen priest, “ praefectus urbi ; ” whose house is the scene of the imaginary conversation between
Aurelius Symmachus, Flavianus, Servius the grammarian, and Caesina Albinus, in the work of
Macrobius.
“ The same year = 2d year of the ‘ hing-ning’ of N gai-ti” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of
the Fifty-first cycle.
365 A. D. ( = “ 290 an. jav. = 240 + 50 years ” of Nata Kasuma, -Raffles x.), death of Gutaka.
After governing for “ fifty” years the Hindu colony at Glling Wesi on Java, he succeeded in transferring
his authority to his son Raden Sawela.
“ In this year” (Ammian., and Clint.), inroads of Alamanni across the frontier of “ Germaniae”
into “ Gallias Raetiasque ; ” of “ Picti Saxonesque et Scotti et Atacotti ” into Britain ; and of predatory
bands of Goths into Thrace.
“ About this tim e” (Clint, iv. p. 45s), a party of “ Scotos gentem Britannicam humanis vesci
carnibus ” Scots a people of Brilain who eat human flesh, seen by Hieronymus during his visit
to Gaul.
“ 366 A. D. = ‘ tai-ho,’ 1st year of Ti-y II., of the Tcin,” or Ninth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Japanese chron. transl. Nicholai, and Bickmore), the Japanese after several
years fighting defeated and their general killed by the Ainos.
“ The same year” (Hieronj-ra., Prosp., and Clint.), death of Liberius, and Damasus ordained
“ thirty-filth ” bishop of Rome (the Arian appointment of Felix not counted). Shortly afterwards,
Ursinus ordained in opposition.
. One hundred and fortieth generation. Sept. ist, 367, mostly beyond youth : Nicolaus of Laodicea
: the Greek philosophers, Pappus, and Theon the younger; the rhetors, Himerius, Themistius,
and Libanius: the Christian Greek writers, Aquilius Severus of Spain, Eunomius bishop of Cyzicus,
Agelius, Ambrosius of Alexandria, Theotimus, Severianus, Sophronius, and Apollinarius of Laodicea:
the Latin writers, the rhetor Drepanius Pacatus ; tlie Christian Latin writers, Phoebadius,
Optatus of Carthage, Pacianus, and Tichonius.
“ The same year” (Ammian., and Clint.), Theodosius sent into Britain, where “ Dicalidonas et
Vecturiones” the two tribes of the Picti, together with Attacotti and Scotti, were laying waste the
country. In Gaul also, inroads made by Franci and their neighbours the Saxones.
Euzoius, successor of Acacius as bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, at this time writing; engaged
besides in restoring the injured portions of the Library of Origen and Pamphilus. »
“ 368 A. D .” (Ammian. xxvii. 8. 6, and Clint.), arrival of Theodosius at “ Lundinium vetus oppidum,
quod Augustam posteritas adpellavit ” London an ancient town to be called by posterity Augusta.
On reaching the seat pf war, he soon routed the predatory bands. In this year also, Moguntiacum
(Mayence on the Rhine) during a Cliristiah solemnity, surprised and plundered by a German prince
named Rando.
“ In this year” (Max Mull p. xviii), death of Budhadasa, in whose reign the Sutras were translated
by a priest into the Singhalese language (Mahanam. mahav. p. 247).
“ 369 A. D .” (Ammian., and Clint.), the Rhine fortified by Valentinian, by building castles in
elevated ancl suitable situations all the way from the Raetian Alps to the Ocean.
In this year ( = 3 4 0 -J -“ 29 years reign of Mahavamsa xxxvii.), Budhadasa succeeded by his
son Upatissa, now king of Ceylon.
“ 370 A. D .” (Ammian., and Clint.), Saxones invading Roman territory by sea, the Burgunclii
induced by Valentinian to advance an army to the Rhine ; when Theodosius from Rhaetia attacked and
defeated the Alamanni.
“ 371 A. D. = ‘ hien-gan,’ 1st year of Kian-wen-li, of the T cin ” or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table).
“ The same year” (Amphiloc., and Clint, iv. p. 475), Basilius ordained bishop of Caesarea in
Cappadocia.
“ 373 A. D. = ‘ ning-kang,’ tst year of Hiao-wou-tl, of the T cin ” or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese
chron. table).
“ The same year ” (Proter., and Clint.), death of Athanasius, and Petrus ordained twentieth bishop
OF A C COM PANYING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S, 5 5 3
of Alexandria (not counting the Arian appointments). Petrus was however immediately expelled by
the Arian bishop Lucius. Faustinus succeeded as bishop of Iconium by Amphilochius.
About this time, “ 369 to 381 A. D .” (Alst. pp. 191 and 324), the scriptures translated into the
Gothic language by Ulfilas, an Arian bishop. A portion of this version is extant.
“ 374 A. D .” (Klapr. note to San kokf), independent of the Chinese characters long known, an
alphabet invented by the Coreans : — which continues in use to the present day.*
“ In this year” (Ammian., and Clint.), Illyricum ravaged by the Ouadi. Who complained, that
Valentinian had built fortresses beyond the Danube upon their territory ; and that their king Gabinius,
while modestly expostulating, had been murdered.
“ 375 A- D .” (Hieronym., and Clint.), at Milan on the death of Auxentius, sedition among the
people ; Ambrosius ordained bishop, and return of all Italy from Arianism.
“ N ovem ber” (Idat., and Clint.), death of Valentinian ; his colleague Gratian now becoming forty-
eighth Roman emperor. Religious liberty now no longer permitted; the Christians having gained
the ascendancy, beginning to extend persecutions towards the followers of the ancient religion, and
certain Sects among themselves.
About this time, “ 370 to 380 A. D .” (Steinschneid. i. 4), “ at T iberias” in Palestine, the Talmud
Yerushlam! compiled ; a body of collective Hebrew literature.
Laiffa Arabum of Equatorial Africa. A Cucurbitaceous vine bearing quadrangular fruit and
called in Egypt “ luff ” (Forsk.) : the qtjb Iwph of the TalmiW 5.2 — is referred here by Sprengel : —
the “ luffah” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar: L. Arabum was observed in Egypt by V esling ph, Forskal,
Delile, and Ciot-Bey, cultivated for ornament, and the sponge-like interior of its fruit employed in
bathing : the towel gourd was observed by Grant growing “ wild over the garden fences, U nyanyembé
5° S. to Nile banks 9° North.” Eastward, L. Arabum was observed by Rumphius v. pl. 14S on
Ceylon (Pers.), Transported to Europe, is termed “ momordica luffa” by Linnæus, “ luffa Arabum”
by Miller (Steud.).
“ 376 A. D .” (Ammian., and Clint.), Goths expelled by the Huns, “ gens monumentis veteribus
leviter nota ultra paludes Maeoticas glacialem Oceanum accolens, a people little known in the records
of antiquity, dwelling beyond the Sea of Azof along the Icy Ocean.” The expelled Goths were
allowed by the Romans to cross the Danube and settle in Thrace.
“ 378, A ugu st” (Ammian., and Clint.), rebellion among the harboured Goths, caused by famine,
and Valens defeated by them and slain. Afterwards, with associated Hunni and Alani, the Goths
advanced laying waste the country to the very gates of Constantinople.
“ The same year” (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Hieronymus. On other subjects, he continued
writing.
“ Between 378 and 383” (Gildas hist, 12, and U sher), Arianism introduced into Britain by
Agricola, a disciple of Arius.
“ 379 A. D .” (Clint.), the poet Ausonius. prefect of Gaul and now in old age, one of the consuls
for this year : which he calls the “ eleven hundred and nineteenth ” of the city, placing therefore “ the
foundation at B. C. 740.”
“ January” (Idat., and Clint), by Gratian, Theodosius appointed over the Eastern portion of the
Empire. Who in successive battles defeated the Goths and their allies, and expelled them from
Thrace.
“ The same year” (Prosp., and Clint.), “ Longobardi ab extremis Germaniae finibus Océanique
protinus litore Scandiaque insula,” Lombards from the farther frontier of Germany, from the shore of
the Ocean and Scandinavia, make their first appearance, seeking new homes : and under “ Iborea”
(Ivor) ancl “ Aione,” conquer the Vandals.
“ The same year” (Agath., and Clint.), death of Sapor II., and accession of his brother Artaxerxes
V., now ninth Sasanid king of Persia.
* Hibiscus mutabilis of Corea. The name of the mountain Fou-young-chan in Corea sometimes
written with characters signifying mountain of this shrub — (geogr. chin, transl. Klapr. in San-kokf
p. too) : H. mutabilis is called “ fujoo” in Japan (Kaempf., and Thunb.) ; and'is figured in Chinese
paintings. Farther South, is common in gardens at Manila, and regarded by Blanco as indigenous
in the Philippines, though devoid of a native name ; is also described by Rumphius iv. pl. 9. W estward,
enumerated by Mason as “ exotic” in Burmah; observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. pl. 38,
Roxburgh, Royle, Wight, and according to Graham called changeable rose, or by the Portuguese “ inconstante
amante ” inconstant lover, “ a common shrub in gardens,” the flowers “ large, white in the
morning, changing to red in the course of the day.” Eastward from the Philippines, H. mutabilis was
observed in the W est Indies by Descourtilz, who further states, that it was carried by Bentinck iu
1690 to England; the shrub however is described by Morison ii. 5. pl. 18.
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