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194 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
as Britain (Pers., Wats., and A. Dec.). According to Virey, the seeds are poisonous, producing
weakness of the extremities when mixed with flour and made into bread (Lindl.).
902 B. C. = “ 14th year of Takelut IL ,” on the monuments— (Leps. k. tab. p. 19).
901 B. C. = “ 15th year of Takelut IL ,” death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch).
The same year (914 y. 8 mo. — “ 13 years ” of both Maneth. tables, giving 902),
Takëlôthis succeeded by the seventh king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name
of king Sesonk I II . occurs on contemporaneous monuments (Leps. k. pl. 46).
One hundred and second generation. Jan. ist, 900, mostly beyond youth; the
prophet Elijah.
899 B. C. ( = 931 y. 4 mo. — “ 32 years ” of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.),
end of the reign of the Phoenician king Eithobalus or Ethbaal. (On comparing the biblical account,
tlie deficit of 18 or 19 years between Eusebius’ numbers and their given sum, seems to fall after this
event, rendering the dates of the succeeding reigns uncertain to the same amount). The List makes
Eithobalus succeeded at Tyre by Badezar; aged thirty-nine ( = “ 45 — 6 ” ), and who reigned “ s i x ”
years.
“ 897 B. C. = 13th year of Hiao-wang ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirtieth cycle.
Ornithogalum umbeUatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain
star-of-Bethlehem (Prior) translated into Welsh “ seren Fethleeni” (Davies), in Germany “ vogel-
milch ” (Grieb), in France “ ornithogale ” (Nugent), in Italy “ latte di gallina” (Lenz), in Greece
“ mouniklia” or “ agrios krinos ” (Fraas) ; and the thbywnym sold in Samaria besieged
by Ben Hadad— (2 K. vi. 25) is referred here by Linnæus ; the “ ôrnithôs gala ” is mentioned by
Nicander (Athen. ix. 12); the “ ôrnithôgalôn ” by Dioscorides as having an edible bulbous root,
umbelled flowers herbaceous outside and milky within ; and is identified by Ebn Baitar with the
“ sasali ” of Elgafaki ; O. umbellatum was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated and fallow ground from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece. Westward, the account of the “ ornithogale ” by Pliny xxi. 62 seems chiefly taken from
Dioscorides; O. umbellatum is described by Dodoens pl. 221; is termed “ o. u. medium angustifolium”
by Tournefort inst. 378; is known to occur in fallow ground from Italy throughout middle
Europe as far as Sweden (Hall., Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde
p. 133, but is regarded by Ray, Babington, and Watson, as exotic and only naturalized. By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, occurring especially in
the grass-grown clearings of New England.
“ S94 B. C. = 1st year of I-wang, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” ( ..............Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 514), “ money first of gold and silver
at Argos ” in Greece.
893 B. C. ( = 899 y. 4 mo. — “ 6 years ” of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.),
not earlier than this date, the accession at Tyre of Matgenus ; aged twenty-three ( = “ 32 — 9 ” ),
and who reigned “ nine ” years.
892 B. C. ( = 9 i 2 y . 29144J d. — “ 22 y e a r s ” of twelve lunations of i K. xvi. 29), Ahab and
Jehoshaphat warring against the Syrians, and Ahab slain in battle. He was succeeded by his son
Ahaziah, eighth king o f Israel.
By Jehoshaphat, ships built at Ezion-geber on the Red Sea: servants of king Ahaziah were
refused admittance; and “ the ships were broken,” and “ went n o t ” on the proposed voyage “ to
Ophir for gold ” — ( i K. xxii. 48, and 2 Chron. xx. 36).
890 B. C. ( = 891 y. 16 5III d. — “ 2 years ” of twelve lunations of i K. xxii. 51), Ahaziah succeeded
by his brother Joram, ninth king of Israel.
The war with the revolted Moabites brought to a close by the besieged king of Moab offering
“ upon the wall ” his own son for “ a burnt offering” — (2 K. iii. 4 to 27).
Cucumis? prophetarum of the Tropical Sahara from the Atlantic to Arabia. The f "1 0 P 1 phkowd
gathered for E lish a— (2 K. iv. 39) is referred here by Linnæus : the “ lifiyat ” according to Abul
Abbas Elhafits is called “ alkam” in the Hedjaz, grows also in Phoenicia and Upper Egypt with fruit
like that of Momordica but prickly, and according to Ebn Baitar is frequent in Upper Egypt and
called “ damahir.” C. prophetarum is described by Linnæus, and Jacquin hort. pl. 9 ; is known to
grow in Africa and Arabia (Pers.); was observed by myself in Upper Egypt, spreading on the soil of
the Desert, its fruit covered with soft prickles. “ C. anguria ” observed by Forskal p. 168 near
Mocha, may be compared ; also the plant carried to the West Indies under that name (Mill. diet. pl.
33, and Pers.).
8S7 B. C. ( = 911 y. 3S7^j d. — “ 25 years ” of i K. xxii. 42), Jehoshaphat succeeded at Jerusalem
by his son Jehorara, eighth Jewish king. Pie married a daughter of Ahab (2 K. viii. 18).
In the reign of Jehoram (2 K. viii. 20), revolt of the Edomites. Who succeeded in establishing
their independence, and “ made a king over themselves.”
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 9 5
“ 880 B. C.” (Euseb. and Clint i. p. 23 and 166, Diodorus’ numbers giving 1169 — “ 92 — 85 —
79— 23 — 25 years ” = 865, a difference that would carry back these numbers to one of the false-dates
for the fall of Troy), “ S ix th ” change in naval dominion. Leaving the Phrygians, the “ Empire of
the sea ” acquired by the Cyprians. — Field by them “ thirty-three ” years.
The same year ( = 917 — “ 37 y e a rs ” of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Labotas succeeded
by his son Doryssus, as one of the two Spartan kings ; the fifth in the Agid line.
879 B. C. ( = 886 y. 357/6 d- — “ 8 years ” of 2 K. viii. 17 and 2 Chron. xxi. 5), Jehoram succeeded
at Jerusalem by his son Ahaziah, ninth Jewish king.
In company with Joram king of Israel, he warred against Hazael king of the Syrians at Damascus
(2 K. viii. 28, and 2 Chron. xxii. 5).
“ 878 B. C. = 1st year of Li-wang, of the T ch eou ” or Fifth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
The Chinese characters containing the sign for « 7/: not found beyond the Tcheou dynasty —
by Hiu-chin: silk is alluded to in the Chinese inscription on the Heng-chan mountain, erroneously
attributed to Yu (Pauth. p. 48 and 54) ; and is mentioned in the Chou-King. Westward, “ se r ik a ”
or silk stuffs were seen in Hindustan by Nearchus (Strab. xv. i. 20) : and were known in the Mediterranean
countries to Horace, Propertius, Suetonius, and Martial ; though the Chinese manufacture
continued so rare and costly, that the emperor Elagabalus is accused of being the first Roman who
wore a silken dress.
Morus alba of China and Japan. Called in English gardens white mulberry, in Egypt “ tout”
(Del.) ; and the “ mulberry” mentioned in one of the three odes complaining of the cruelty of the
emperor Li-wang— (preserved in the Chi-King, Pauth. p. lo i ) , and in connexion with “ silk-worms”
in the Chou-King, may be compared : M. alba was observed by Bunge p. 60 “ as though spontaneous ”
on the mountains of Northern China; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, regarded as indigenous
and called “ iammagua” or “ kago kadsura.” Westward, occurs growing spontaneously in the region
South and Southwest of the Caspian (Mey., Holien., and A. Dec.), but was unknown in the Mediterranean
countries in the days of Pliny xv. 29, who asserts that the berries of the “ moris ” in the end
turn black; seeds or cuttings according to some authorities accompanied the living silk-worms that
were brought from Central Asia ip the reign of Justinian ; but Targioni found the opinion prevailing
in Italy, that cuttings were “ brought from the East in 1434 by Fr. Buonvicini; ” the tree has become
naturalized in Armenia, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, and Italy (Fraas, Griseb., and Poll.) ; was seen
by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople; by him, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of E g y p t;
and is known to be cultivated throughout middle Europe. By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues in gardens ; to the Tropical islands of the Pacific, observed by
myself on the Taheitian and Hawaiian Groups ; and to Hindustan (Royle him. 337, and Graham),
but I was informed at Bombay that the cultivation does not succeed.
The same year ( = 877 y. 3i 7f |4 A- = 889 y. 187/H d. — “ 12 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K.
iii. I , the line of Judah giving 87S y. 3576^ d. — “ i y e a r ” of 2 K. viii. 26 = 877 ¥■ 357jw d.),
Ahaziah, with Joram and his mother Jezebel, all slain by Jehu. Whose accession therefore synchronous
with that of Atlialiah, mother of Ahaziah.
The name of Jehu king of Israel occurs in cuneiform letters in an inscription at Nineveh —
(according t o .............. and Layard). This therefore the earliest inscription in zirjryrza« or
writing whose date is ascertained.
The deity on the Assyrian monuments having the human face and feet and the body o f a fish, is
clearly Oannes, already mentioned.
The two-humped or Bactrian camel, Camelus Bactrianus, is figured on tlie Nimroud obelisk and
other monuments at Nineveh : — also at Persepolis, and on the Etruscan vases (Layard pi. 53 and
55, Bonom. pl. 178, and Mon. inedit! pl. 50). The two-humped camel is described by Aristotle;
and is the kind employed by the Tartars of Northeastern and Central Asia, to the Crimea and Caucasus.
Though unknown farther South, in Arabia ; the animal has probably been sometimes brought
as a curiosity into Egj-pt.
“ 876 B. C. About this tim e ” (Clint, i. p. 206 and 214), Second irruption of the Cimmerians
into Asia Minor.
87s B. C. = “ 28th year of Sesonk I I I .,” birth of an Apis or s,acred b u l l ; the latest date in his
reign found on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. pl. 19, and Birch).
872 B. C. ( = 877 y. 3576%- d. — “ 6 years ” of 2 K. xi. 3), queen Athaliah slain. Succeeded at
Jerusalem by Joash or Jehoash, son of Ahaziah and now eleventh Jewi.sh king.
870 B. C. ( = 991 — “ 121 yrs ” of the Egyptian Chronicle = 989 y. 8 mo. — “ 120
“ yrs ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 822 y. 8 mo. -|- “ 49
yrs ” = 871 y. 8 mo., and tlie monuments 875 — “ 26 + 20th” = 869), Sesonk I I I . .succeeded
by Pekhi or Pamai, eighth king of the Twenty-second dynasty. His name —
K- has been found only on the tablet of the Apis or sacred bull at the Serapeum (Birch).
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