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838 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Orchis militaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain military orchis
(Prior), in different parts of Sweden “ gulltuppor” or “ Johannis nycklar” (Linn.), and known from
early times : — termed “ o. maslatifolia” by Fuchsius 554, “ cynosorchis latifolia hiante cucullo major”
by C. Bauhin pin. 80, and known to grow in meads throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 432, Jacq.
rar. pl. 598, Rudb. elys. ii. pl. 185, a'nd Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Gothland and Oeland; by
Herbert, in England (A. Dec.), by Vaillant pl. 31, in the environs of Paris; by Haller pl. 28, in
Switzerland ; and by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople.
Orchis iiigra of Northern Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Switzerland “ jalousie,”
in Jemtia in Sweden “ brunkulla,” and its flowers used there from early times to colour ardent spirits
— (Linn.): the plant is termed “ o. palmata angustifolia alpina nigro flore” by C. Bauhin pm. 86,
and Tournefort inst, 436 “ satyrium foliis linearibus” by Royer lugd. 14, “ s. nigrum” by Linnæus :
is known to grow in Denmark and on the mountains of middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 368, and
Pers.) : was observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pl. 217, and Linnæus, in Sweden; by Plaller pl. 27, on
the Alps of Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus.
Ophrys muscifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fly orchis
(Prior), in Sweden “ flugbIo:'.ister ” (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed “ orchis myodes
piiina floriims muscaiii exprimens ” by Lobel pl. 381 : described also by Dodoens . . . 237 (Spreng.),
C. Bauhin pin. 83, and Tournefort inst. 434, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (En£.
bot. pl. 64, Vaill. pl. 31, and Pers.); observed by Linnæus as far as Oeland; by Haller pl. 24, in
Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
Luzula pilosa of Northern climates. A leafy rush called in Sweden “ il-togh ” (Linn.), and
known from early times : —termed “ gramen nemorosum hirsutum latifolium majus” by C. Bauhm
pin. 7 and theatr. loi, “ j. nemorosus latifolius major” .by Tournefort iiist. 246, and known to grow
from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. ii. pl. 19, Hoffm. germ. 168, Pers., and Wats.) :
observed by Rudbeck elys. i. pl. 63, and Linnæus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ;
by Savi, in Etruria; by Desfontaines, on the Atlas mountains (A. Dec.) ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, by Hooker in
Iceland ; is known to grow also in Greenland and Labrador (Wats.), and as far as the Saskatchewan
(Hook.) ; according to A. Gray, is “ common northward ; ” is attributed by Muhlenberg to Pennsylvania,
and by Chapman to the “ mountains of North Carolina.”
Juncus squarrosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A leafless rush called in Sweden
“ bors't-togh ” (Linn.), known there from early times as indicating turfy and sterile soil ; —termed
“ gramen junceum foliis et spica junci” by C. Bauhin pin. 5 and theatr. 78, “ j. montanus palustiis
by Tournefort inst. 247, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 430,
Engl. bot. pl. 933, and Pers.) : was observed by Plooker in Iceland; by Linnæus, 111 Lapland and
Sweden ; by Loesel, in Prussia; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.).
Juncus articulatus of Europe and Northern Asia. A rush called in Sweden “ ryll-togh ” (Lmn.),
and knovvn from early times :—termed “ gramen junceum folio arliculato aquaticum” by C. Bauhm
pin. 5 and prodr. 12, “ j. foliis articulosis floribus umbellatis ” by Tournefort inst. 247, and known
to grow in watery places from Lapland throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 238, and Pers):
was observed by Linnæus along the margin of rivers and lakes in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp,
frequent in wet places along rills on the Greek i.slands ; by Gmelin, in Russia and throughout Siberia.
Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; but probably by European colonists carried to New England,
observed by myself along roadsides in Western Massachusetts ; and according to A. Gray, occurs
in “ wet places, Rhode Island to Lake Huron, and northward, the genuine European form received
from ” Olney and Sartwell. “ J. lamprocarpus,” described by Ehrhart, figured in Engl. bot. pl. 2143,
and observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, is by some writers regarded as not distinct.
Carex 7ntiricata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Sweden “ pigg-starr” (Linn,), and
known from early times : — termed “ gramen nemorosum spicis parvis asperis ” by C. Bauhm pm. 7
and theatr. 100, “ carex spicis brevibus echinatis sessilibus distinctis” by Haller 245 ; ancl known
to »row throughout middle Europe (Ray hist. 1298, Scheuchz. 485 pl. 11, and Pers.), also along the
Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats.) : was ob.served by Linnæus in Sweden and
especially in Norland; by Brotero, near Beira in Portugal; by Desfontaines, in Barbary, Westward.
by Hooker in Iceland ; but probably by European colonists was carried to Northeast America,
was observed by Pursh in the State of New York ; and according to J. Carey, occurs in “ fields,
Massachusetts (introduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky, rare.” ^
Carcar/.z/Ararar of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ blek-staii
(Linn.), and known from early times : —termed “ cyperoides polystachioii flavicans spicis brevibus
prope summitalem caulis” by Plukenet aim. pl. 34, and Tournefort inst. 530: known to grow from
Lapland throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 1060, Engl. bot. pl. 2185, and Pers.), also in Russia
and Siberia (Wats.) : was observed by Rudbeck elys. i. pl. 54, and Linnæus, in Lapland and Swecen,
. f?'
T l '
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 839
by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, on the Appenines ; by Sibthorp, in a grove not far from Constantinople.
Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; but clearly by European colonists was carried to
New England, observed by myself in both Eastern and Western Massachusetts, by Dewey in Western
Massachusetts, by Torrey on the highlands along the Hudson, occurs according to J. Carey in
“ Pennsylvania, and northward ” (A. Gray), and seems completely naturalized.
Carex hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ grus-starr” (Linn.),
and known from early times : — termed “ gramen spicatum foliis et spicis hirsutis mollibus ” by C.
Bauhin theatr. 48, “ cyperoides polystachion lanuginosum” by Tournefort inst. 529; and known to
grow from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 685, Pers., and Wats.), and
as far as the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnæus, in Sweden
; by Sibthorp and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
Carex elongata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A sedge called in Sweden “ rank-
starr” (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed “ cyperoides polystachion spicis laxis panicu-
1am veluti componentibus ” by Scheuchzer agr. 487 pl. 11; and known to grow in marshy ground
from Russia and 63° in Sweden to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pl. 1920, Pers., and Wats.) :
observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnæus, as far as Upsal, rare ; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus.
Carex leporina of FLmope and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden “ har-starr ”
(Linn.), and known from early times : —termed “ gramen cyperoides palustre majus spica divisa” by
C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 88, “ ». c. spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus composita” by
Scheuchzer hist. 456 pl. 10 f. 15 (Linn ), “ carex ovalis ” by Willdenow ; and known to grow in moist
meads throughout Northern and middle Europe (Huds. 404, Engl. bot. pi. 306, Leers 195 pl. 14 f. 6,
and Pers.) : observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnæus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in-
moist meads in Gree.ce.
Cara-r wzz//zzza of Northern climates. Calied in Sweden “ raf-starr ” (Linn.), and known from
early'limes: — termed “ gramen cyperoides triquetrum spica integra ” by Bauhin hist. ii. 479, “ g. c.
palustre majus spica compacta ” by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr, 87 : known to grow in marshes
throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 308, Engl. bot. pl. 307, and Pers.), also about
Caucasus and the Taurian mountains (Bieb ), and as far as Japan (Wats.) : was observed by Linnæus
in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in watery places in the Peloponnesus. Westward,
by Hooker in Iceland ; and according to J. Carey grows in “ Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky ” (A. Gray).
Carex digitata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland sedge called in Sweden
“ hwlsp-starr ” (Linn.), and known from early times:—termed “ gramen caryophyllatum montanum
spica varia ” by C. Bauhin pin. 4 and theatr. 48, and by Scheuchzer 448 pl. 10 ; known to grow
throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 615, and Pers.); was observed by Lmnæus
in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in woods in the environs of Constantinople.
TrisetnmJlavescens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden
“ golhafre” (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed “ gramen avenaceum spica sparsa flavescente
locustis parvis” by Morison iii. 8 pl. 7, “ g. a. pratense elatius panicula flavescente locustis
parvis” by Tournefort inst. 525 and Scheuchzer hist. 223, “ avena flavescens ” by Linnæus: known
to be frequent in meads throughout middle Europe (Curt. Iond. iii. pl. 5, and Pers.) ; observed by
Bergius in meads in Gothland (Linii.) ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople.
’‘"phalaris arundinacea of the marshes of Northern climates. A reedy grass called in different
parts of Sweden “ flack” or-‘ ror-fleii,Wand from early times used for thatching roofs — (Linn.) :
termed “ gramen arundinaceum spicatum” by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 94, “ g. paniculatum
aqualicuni phalaridis semine” by Tournefort inst. 523; and known to grow from Lapland and the
Feroe Islands to Switzerland (fl. Dan. pl. 259, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus, and in Siberia and
Japan (Kunth) ; was observed by Linnæus 011 the shores of lakes and rivers in Sweden : by Sibthorp,
ill watery places around' Constantinople. Westward, by Michaux in Canada, New England, and
Pennsylvania; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland, as far as 51° ; by myself, in marshes from 42° 30' to
40° along the Atlantic; by Drummond at 54° on the Saskatchewan near Fort Cumberland; and
according to A. Gray is “ very common northward” from central New \ork. The variety with
striped leaves, cultivated for ornament under the name of ribbon grass (Prior), was probably imported
from Europe.
Phalaris phlcoides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden
“ roll-flen” (Linn.), ancl known from early limes : —termed “ gramen typhoïdes asperum primum”
by C. Bauhin pin. 4 and theatr. 51 (Linn.), “ gramen spicatum spica cylindracea tenuiori Ionga” by
Tournefort inst. 520, and known to occur throughout middle Europe (Ray hist. 1267, Scheuch. 61. fl.
Dan. pl 531, and Pers.) ; observed by Celsius, and Linnæus, in Sweden, in meads as well as along
the margin of fields ; by Forskal on Imros, by Sibthorp around Constantinople and frequent in cultivated
»round on the Greek islands.