M
k
l i
3 ra
wi#
994 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
43-117, E u p h r a s i a m i n im a 60, E . l o n g i f l o r a 63, A n l t r i ' l i i n u m m o l l e 4 1 , S c r o p h u l a r i a t r i f o h a l a 60,
D i g i t a l i s o b s c u r a 98, A l y s s u m h a l im i f o l i u m 39, A . s a x a t i l e 93, B i s c u t e l l a s e m p e r v i r e n s 122, S i s y m b
r iu m V n l e n l i n u m 80, E r y s im u m B o c c o n i i l l , E i ' o d t u m m a l o p o i d e s 89, E . c h a m a e d r w i d e s 128, Cory-^
d a l i s e n n e a p h y l l a 73, H i e r a c i u m p r u n e l l a e f o l i u m , m o n t a n u m , and m o l l e 24-113, A p a r g i a t a r n x a c i
106, S e r r a t i l l a c o r o n a t a 37, X. h u m i l i s 109, G n a p h a l i u m s u p i n u m 109, I n u l a b i f r o n s 121, C h i y s a n t
h e m u m B o c c o n i 98, C e n t a u r e a u n i f l o r a 2, and P i s t a c i a t r i f o h a 93. — He died “ in 1704.”
C h c e r o p h y l l u m a r o m a t i c u m of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by
Boccone mus. ii. pl. 19, — and known to grow in Silesia, Lusatia, and Misnia (Jacq. austr. pl. 150, and
Pers.) ;• observed by Fleischer fl. 115 as far West as Livonia; by Sibthorp, in shaded situations on
the Bithynian Olympus. In Britain, was found by G. Don “ about 1831 ” between Arbroath and Forfar,
clearly exotic, but has perhaps become naturalized (Wats., Bab., and A. Dec.).
A c h i l l e a ( P t a r m i c a ') a l p i n a of Arctic Asia and mountain-summits farther South. Described by
Boccone mus. pl. lo i, — and known to grow on the Swiss Alps (Pers.), but according to A. Decandolle
only above Airolo on the Saint-Gothard Pass. Eastward, is known to grow throughout Arctic
Siberia, and on the Altaian mountains (Ledeb., and Dec.).
E c h i u m m a r i t im u m of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Boccone mus. ii. pl. 78,
— and Tournefort inst. 136 ; and known to grow wild on the seashore of Italy and Sicily. By European
colonists, was carried to Austral America, where it has become abundantly naturalized around
Montevideo (A. St. Hih, and A. Dec.).
“ 1698, Aug. 19th ” (Blair), signing of the First treaty of partition : dividing Poland and giving
rise to the new German kingdom of Prussia.
“ T h e same y e a r ” (Stiles, and Holmes), under instructions from the commissioners for propagating
the gospel, the aboriginals in different parts of Massachusetts visited this year by Rev. Grindal
Rawson an"d Rev. Samuel Danforth, and found to number “ about four thousand.” Mary Cushman
who “ came over in the first shipe liveing this present year ” (inscript. on Bradford’s Ms, hist. Plimouth
Plantation). — ! tlierefore writing in 1872 have seen persons who may have seen acquaintances ofth e
first settlers of New England; and in this manner, twenty-five individuals would easily span the one
hundred and eighty-five generations from the time of Adam.
“ In this y e a r ” (Krapf trav. 521-9), Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Keelwah captured by a fleet under
Sultan Seif, son of Seif bin Malik, Mozambique besieged, and Portuguese power extinguished along
the East African coast from Cape Gardafui to Cape Delgado.
About this time (see Phil, trans. xxi. 255, and Spreng ), Jacob Cunningham visiting Ascension
Island, finding its flora to consist of only “ five ” plants, I p o m o e a p e s - c a p r a e (growing on the seashore
throughout the Tropics), D o n ib e y a e r y t h r o x y l o n (attributed to St. Helena), E u p h o r b i a c h a m a e s y c e
(attributed to Southern Europe, Mesopotamia, and Siberia), E . o r i g a n o i d c s (not known elsewhere),
a a A A r i s t i d a A d s c e n s i o n i s (seen by Forskal in Yemen). — Two additional plants have been found
there by Osbeck, and subsequent observers, S h e r a r d i a f r u t i c o s a (not known elsewhere), and H e d y o t i s
A d s c e n s i o n i s (not known elsewhere. See A. Dec. g. bot. 1281).
J. Cunningham resided as surgeon at Amoy and Chusan in China, — and has given an account of
the plants growing there in Phil, trans. xxiii, 280-6 (Spreng.).
“ 1698 to 1699 A. D .” (Churchill coll.), in sailing along “ the easternmost part of New Guinea,” a
Strait discovered by Dampier ; separating an island called by him “ New Britain.”
“ 1699 A. D.” (Charlev., and Holmes), under instructions from Louis X IV ., claiming the whole
territory of Louisiana, a fort built by M. d’ Iberville between the months of the Mississippi and the
Mobile river. In all this immense territory along the Mississippi, there were besides only a few
straggling houses of Canadian French settled among the Illinois : and tlie object of the new movement
was. To open communication with Canada, hem in the English colonies, and thus engross the trade
of the aboriginal tribes (Anders, ii. 642, Du Pratz i. 8, and univ. hist. xl. 282),
“ The same y e a r ” (Anders, ii. 644, and Holme.s), in England, on complaint that w o o l e n m a n u f
a c t u r e s of the colonies in North America began to be exported to foreign markets, both by sea and
land, a law prohibiting this.
“ Aug. 6 th ” (narrat., and Murdoch hist. Nov. Scot. i. 539), Diéreville, “ employed to obtain
plants for the Royal garden,” sailing from Rochelle. After “ fifty-four d a y s ” he arrived at Chibouc-
tou, and continuing visited Port Royal and St. John, meeting with “ viola acadiensis folio longo
sinuata” V i o l a l a n c e o l a t a . — He left “ Oct. 6th 1700,” and returning to France published an account
of his Voyage “ in 1708.”
“ 1700 A. D.” (Blair), “ New S ty le ” adopted by the Dutch and the Protestants of Germany:
“ omitting the last eleven days of February.”
“ The same y e a r ” (Blair), Second treaty of the Partition of Poland : Frederic now becoming king
of Prussia. Charles X I I . ruling Sweden.
“ In this y e a r ” (Mather magnal. i. 31, and Holmes), Boston containing “ more than seven thousand”
inhabitants, and above “ a thousand houses.” The White inhabitants of Carolina amounting
to “ five thousand five hundred ” (Drayton). Building at Newport of the meeting house of the Friends
or Quakers (Adams 18S).
G l e d i t s c h i a t r i a c a n t h o s of the Mississippi and its tributaries. A large Acacia-like tree, remarkable
for its branching thorns, transported to and first cultivated in Britain in this y e a r— (Loudon) ;
described also by Duhamel i. pl. 105 ; and according to Ciot-Bey recently introduced into the gardens
of Egypt. Westward, was observed by F. A. Michaux from 40“ on the Susquehanna throughout the
Western States ; by myself, wild on the Lower Ohio ; by Long’s Expedition ii., as far North as 41° on
tlie Mississippi; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; by Darby, in Opelousas; by Chapman, “ Florida to
Mississippi, and northward;” and is termed “ g. meliloba” by Walter (Steud.).
“ In this year ” (Spreng. and Winckl.), Plukenet publishing his Manfiss., enumerating A l l o s o r i i s
a t r n p u r p u r e n s pl. 349. f. i, P h l o x C a r o l i n a 348. f. 4, C e n o t h e r a l i n e a r i s 426. f. 6, A n d r o m e d a M a r i a n a ,
H e t c r o i h e c a s c a b r a 340. f. i. n. 5, C y p r i p e d i u m p a r v i f l o r u m 418. f. 2, C a l y s t e g i a p a r a d o x a 54, N o l i n a
G e o r g i a n a 342. f. i, A z a l e a n u d i f l o r a 49, R h e x i a M a r i a n a 428. f. I, A n d r o m e d a M a r i a n a 448, P o l y g
a l a s a n g u i n e a 437. f. 5, “ orobus virginianus foliis fulva lanugine incanis foliorum nervo in spinam
abeunte ” 142 T e p h r o s i a s p i c a t a , S e r i c o c a r p u s c o n y z o id e s 29 (“ conyza asteroides ” of Linn.), C h r y s o p -
s i s M a r i a n a 340. f. i. C o r e o p s i s v e r t i c i l l a t a 344. f. 4, “ viola virginiana platani fere foliis parvis et
incanis ” 187 V i o l a p a lm a t a , P a n a x t r i f o l i u m 435. f. 7.
In this year (Fontenelle eloge), after his first work “ Elemens de Botanique ” published in “ 1694,”
Tournefort issuing a second edition under the title “ Institutiones rei herbariæ,” enumerating “ sanicula
canadensis amplissimo laciniato folio ” inst 326 S a n i c u l a C a n a d e n s i s , “ onagra angustifolia caule
rubro flore minore ” 302 O e n o h e r a f r u t i c o s a (Linn sp. pl.), “ vitis idæa canadensis pyrolæ folio ” 608
G a u l t h e r i a p r o c u m b e n s , “ astragalus canadensis fiore viridi flavescente” 416 A s t r a g a l u s C a n a d e n s i s ,
“ a. alpinus procerior alopecuroides ” 416 X . a l o p e c u r o i d e s , “ rapuntium canadense pumilum linariæ
folio ” 164 L o b e l i a K a lm i i , “ ascyrum erectum salicis folio magno flore” 256 H y p e r i c u m p y i - a m i d a i u m
(Willd.).
A r e n a i ' i a c i l i a t a of Subarctic climates. Termed “ alsine alpina serpylli folio multicaulis et multiflora
” by Tournefort inst. 243 — (J. E. Smith) ; known to grow in Lapland and Finland (fl. Dan. pl.
346, Fries, and Ledeb.), in Northwest Ireland (Bab., and Wats.), on thfe Pyrenees (herb. Dec.), on
the Jura and Swiss Alps (Pers., and A. Dec.), on the Carpathians (Hook.) ; and observed by Sibthorp
on the rocks of Cyprus and the mountains of Crete. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland, and by
Sabine in Greenland. (See A. ligericina.)
A l y s s u m m i n im u m of the Mediterranean countries and Siberia. Allied to A. maritimum, but
annual and the stamens all dentate ; possibly the species described by Tournefort inst. 217 : — known
to grow in Spain and Siberia ; and observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the seashore of Greece
and the Greek islands.
T r i f o l i u m i n c a r n a t u m of the Mediterranean countries. A showy annual called in English gardens
c r im s o n c l o v e r (Prior), termed “ t. spica rotunda rubra” by Tournefort inst. 405, and known to
grow in moist meads in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Carinthia (Sturm, and Pers.) ; observed by
Sibthorp on mount Athos, by Chaubard in the lower portion of the Peloponnesus. Regarded as
exotic in Britain, maintained there by the continued importation of seed for cultivation (W a ts , and
A. Dec.).
C y t i s u s s e s s U i f o l i u s of the Mediterr.inean countries. Termed “ c. glabris foliis subrotundis pediculis
brevissimis” by Tournefort inst. 648, — “ majerella” by Micheli (Targ.), and known to grow in
Southern France and Italy (Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to
the Greek islands ; by Pallas tr.iv. i. 235, near Samara on the Lower Volga.
E p i l o b i u m a l p i n u m of the Arctic region and mounlains farther South Termed “ chamænerion
alpinum minus brunellæ fo liis ” by Tournefort inst. 303, — “ c. alpinum alsines fo liis ” by Scheuchzer
alp. 132, “ e. anagallidifolium ” by Lamarck ; known to grow in Lapland and on the Alps and Pyrenees
(fl. Dan. pl. 322, Pers , and Dec.), also in Northern Asia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnæus on the
mountains of Lapland ; by Lightfoot pl. 10, in Scotland ; by Haller 409, in Switzerland ; by Chaubard
on the upper portion of Taj'getus, by Sibthorp on the summit of Bithynian Olympus. Westward, bv
Hooker in Iceland, and received by him from the Rocky mountains and 56° on the Northwest coast ;
was observed by Colm. in Labrador (Pursh) ; and is known to grow in Greenland and Alaska (Wats.).
L i n a r i a s u p i n a of Western Europe. Termed “ 1. pumila supina lu te a ” by Tournefort inst. 170,
— “ antirrhinum supinum grandiflorum” by Lapeyrouse, “ a. dubium” by \’ illars, “ 1. pyrenaica” by
Decandolle, and known to occur on walls and in sandy soil in France, Spain, and Italy (Pers.) :
observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. In Britain found since 1S43 near Plymouth (Bab. 2d
edit,), also near Poole in Dorset, near Newcastle, and in two loc.ilities in Cornwall (Wats.), but
regarded by A. Decandolle as exotic.
L i n a r i a s im p l e x of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Annual, termed “ 1. quadrifolia
ity“ ’
o r * # '.
ir
M r . :