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1 4 4 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
The “ sh ld ” entering into the composition of the enjoined perfume — is referred by Gesenius
to blatta byzaniina also called unguis odoraius, and valued on account of the fragrant odour given
out in burning : the “ onux ” is described by Dioscorides as the operculum of a shell resembling the
purpura-shell, and inhabiting the marshes or pools of Hindustan ; the “ ostracium ” by some called
“ onychem,” is mentioned by Pliny xxxii. 46; unguis odoratus, by Arab writers cited by Bochart,
and under the name of “ dofr el a ffrit” was found by Forskal mat. med. imported into .Suez from
Mocha. Eastward, the “ nakhi ” meaning nail, is enumerated among perfumes in the Amera Cosha,
and is sold under that name in the bazars of Bengal (Wils .) ; under the Arabic name “ azfar-ffl-te« ”
may everywhere be obtained in Northern Hindustan, and is further, described by Royle antiq. hind,
med. p. 95 as the operculum of Strombus lentigiuosus, but he “ was unable to ascertain whence it
was brought: ” tlie operculum however “ is less fragrant than that of Pleurotoma Babylomce or P l.
TrapcziiP
The “ shphn ” whose flesh is prohibited by Moses lev. xi. 5, — finding refuge among rocks
(Psalm civ. 18), and translated “ hoirbgrullios ” in the Septuagint. is admitted to be Hyrax Syriacus:
the “ hoirogrullious ” is described by Hieronymus ii 65S as an animal resembling a mouse and bear
and hence called “ arkomus ” in Palestine, where it abounds, dwelling in caves among rocks and holes
in the ground.
1239 B. C. On the first day of “ the first month in the second year ” after leaving Egypt, “ the
tabernacle was reared up ” (Ex . xl 17).
Vitex agnus-castus of Subtropical Arabia and Persia. Called in English gardens chaste-tree
or henip-tree ox Abraham''s balm (Ainsw.), in Italy “ agno casto ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agnSia” or
“ lugaria ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ kaf maryam ” Mary’s hand (Deb), in Egyptian “ tshets ” o r “ tshSn-
tshits ” (transl. Sept.) or “ soum,” by the prophets “ sSmnon” or “ aima ivSbs ” (Syn. D io s c ) ; and
the “ o rb y ” whose boughs are enjoined by Moses lev. xxiii. 40 to be brought during the Feast of
tabernacles, — mentioned also in connexion with brooks in Isaiah xv. 7 and xliv. 4, Job xl. 22, and as
growing “ by the rivers of Babylon” in Psalm cxxxvii. 2, is referred here by the Septuagint; the
Hebrew name according to Gesenius implying whitish leaves ; the “ kaf maryam ” is mentioned by
Ebn Baitar; and V. agnus-castus was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens
of Egypt. Farther North, the “ lu g d s ” of Homer il. xi. 105, od. x. 166, Nicander ther. 65, and
others, is identified by Dioscorides with the “ agnos ” strewn by women in religious ceremonies ;
mentioned also by Theophrastus, Nicander, Galen, and Paulus Aegineta: V. agnus-castus is known
to abound along the vvater-courses of Syria and Greece, arborescent, sometimes twenty-five feet high,
its trunk eight inches an diameter (Forsk., Sibth., Chaubard, and Fraas). Westward, the, “ agnos ”
or “ agonon” or “ amiktomiainon ” or “ tridaktulon ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. wit'n the “ salix
marina” or “ pipSr agristg ” or “ Igkristikoum ” of the Romans ; by I’ liny xxiv. 38, with the “ vitex”
to a Tropical genus, and may only be exceeding its natural limits in extending into the Mediterranean
countries. Its berries according to Lindley are “ acrid,” and the powdered seeds were found by
Forskal at Smyrna applied externally against colic.
■ On “ the fourteenth day of the first month ” the passover was kept (Num. ix. 5) ; terms implying,
a reckoning of lunations in a regularly-formed calendar.
“ On the first” day “ of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the
land of E g y p t ” (Num. i. i to 18), the Tribes numbered. “ On the twentieth of the second month”
(Num. X. 11 to 33), departure of the Israelites from Sinai through the Desert for Paran.
A llium ampeloprasum of the Mediterranean countries. Its cultivated form is called in Britain
leek, in Anglo-Saxon “ por-leac,” in Holland “ look,” in Germany “ lauch ” (Prior), in France “ poi-
reau ” or “ porreau ” (Nugent), in Italy “ porro ” or “ porretta” (Lenz), in Greece “ ta prasa ” (Fraas),
in Egypt “ korrat ” (For.sk.), in Egyptian “ Sslto ” or “ eshg ” (ms. Borg.) or “ eji ” (Kirch., and transl.
S ep t.); the “ htsyr ” of Egypt longed for by the Israelites and mixt multitude ex. xi. 5 — is referred by
the Septuagint to the “ p r a s a ;” but the “ h tsy r ” of Psalm civ. 14, Job viii. 12 and xl. 15, is admitted
to be grass : the cultivation of the “ porrum ” in Egypt is mentioned by Phny xix. 33 ; the “ kui rath,”
by Ebn Baitar; and the leek was observed under cultivation in Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-
Bey. Farther North, the term “ prasiai ” is used by Homer od. vii. 127, “ prasios ” green by Plato,
“ prasies hlogron prasbn ” by Nicander ther. 879 ; the “ prason” is mentioned in the Batrachomyomachia,
also by Chionides, Theophrastus, Athenaeus ix. 13 ; and is identified by Diphilus, and Dioscorides,
with the “ kgphaldton” of Epicharmus, and Polemon: the leek was observed by Chaubard,
and Fraas, uncfer cultivation in Greece. Westward, the “ prason” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with
the “ porrdum ” of the Romans ; the “ porrum” is mentioned by Horace, Columella, and tlie-“ capitato ”
kind is distinguished by Pliny xx. 22: the leek is figured by Blackwell pl. 421, is known to be cultiji
vated in Italy (Lenz) and throughout middle Europe (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is mentioned
in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.); is called in fiengalee “ purou” (Pidd.) from the
Latin, in Hindustanee “ ku rra s” (D ’roz.), in the environs of Bombay “ khorat ” (from the Arabic),
“ cultivated” there “ to a small extent” according to Graham: and farther East, was observed by
Mason “ e xo tic ” in Burmah and called “ tau-kyet-thwon.” By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle States. A . ampeloprasum
in its wild form is the “ ampèlóprasón ” of Dioscorides; occurring in vineyards according to Pliny
xxiv. 86; is described by Lobel, Clusius (Spreng.) and Rudbeck elys. ii. pl. 15 1; is termed “ a.
spltEEriceo capite folio latiore ” by Tournefort inst. 383 ; has not been found as far East as Caucasus
(A. Dec.), but was observed by Sibthorp frequent on rocks and the minor Greek islands ; by P'raas,
frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground in Attica ; is known to occur as far West as Algeria
and Portugal, and as a weed in cultivated ground as far as Britain and Ireland (Ray hist. p. 1125,
Gay, and A. Dec.) ; but by European colonists was carried to the Azores Islands (Wats.).
A llium sativum of the plains of Western Tartary. Called in Britain garlic from tlie Anglo-
Saxon “ gar-leac” spear-plant (Prior), in France “ a i l” (Nugent), in Germany “ knoblauch,” in Italy
“ a g lio ” or “ aglio sativo” (Lenz), in Greece “ aglithia” or “ gèlgithia ” cr “ skorthon ” (Fraas), in
Egypt “ toum” (Del.), in Egyptian “ skorton ” (lex. Oxf.) or “ tshshen” (transl. Sept.) or “ tsh jen ”
(ms Borg.) ; and the “ shwm ” of Egypt longed for by the Israelites and mixt multitude, — is referred
by the Septuagint to the “ skortha: ” cultivation of the “ allium” in Egypt is mentioned by Pliny
xix. 32; and the “ thum,” by Ebn Baitar: A. sativum was observed by P'orskal under cultivation
in Egypt, but according to Plasselquist, Delile, and Clot-Bey, is principally imported from Syria.
Farther North, the “ skorothon” is mentioned by Homer, Herodotus'ii. 125, Aristophanes, Theophrastus,
and Dioscorides: and A. sativum was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation
in Greece, in some instances becoming spontaneous. Westward, the “ skórothón” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ allioum” of the Romans; and “ allium” is mentioned by Plautus, Varrò,
Horace, Virgil, by Pliny xix. 34 as cultivated in Italy and springing up spontaneously in cultivated
ground : A. sativum was observed by Lenz under like circumstances in Italy ; and is known to be
cultivated in Spain and throughout middle Europe (Lobel pl. 158, and Morison iv. pl. 15). Eastward
from Greece, is known to grow wild in the Soongoro-Kirgish Desert (Ledeb., and A. Dec.) : is mentioned
in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.) ; is called in Sanscrit “ mahoushudha” (Roxb.),
in Bengalee “ rasun,” in Hindustanee “ sir ” or “ lalisan ” (D ’roz.), in the environs of Bombay “ lussun ”
and according to Graham “ cultivated : ” farther East, was observed by Mason, “ exotic ” in Burmah
and called “ kyet-thwon-phyoo ; ” and by Loureiro, under cultivation in China. By European colonists,
was carried to America, and has been observed by myself under cultivation in both the Northern and
Au.stral portions of the continent.
A llium scorodoprasum — supposed to be a variety only of the preceding (Dec. fl. fr., and Koch),
is called in France and Britain rocambole (Nugent, and Prior), in Italy “ agliporro” (Lenz), and with
a corresponding combination in Egyptian “ korthom” (K irch .): the “ skorothon agrión” called
according to Dioscorides ii. 181 “ óphióskórótlión,” and in the addition identified with the “ èlaphó-
skóróthón,” is referred here by writers : A . scorodoprasum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on
Cyprus and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Valerius Cordus, Tragus (Spreng.), and
Clusius hist. i. pl. 191 ; is termed “ a. sativum alterum sive allioprasum caulis summo circumvoluto ”
by Tournefort inst. 383 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, is known to occur throughout
middle Europe as far as Denmark (Pers. and A. Dec.), and is besides cultivated, “ A. arenarium ”
regarded as not distinct, is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 599 (Spreng.), and is known to occur from
the Pyrenees and Switzerland to Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 290, Hall., Lapeyr., and Steud.).
On reaching Paran, spies including Caleb and Joshua, sent into the land of Canaan (Num. xiii.
3, and xxxiii. 16 to 18).
1236 B. C. ( = 1216 + “ 20 years ” of Euseb. ii., and Syncell. = 710 -|- “ 526 years ” of Berosus),
accession of Sosares as Assyrian emperor, Berosus’ “ 526 y e a r s ” of Assyrian rule over Babylon, as
usually adjusted, begin with this reign (see above Ramessu I I I .) .
Subsequent to the “ parousia ” arrival of Danaus (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), Dardanus grandson
of Atlas (Apollod. ii!. to .i) and fifth lineal ancestor of Priamus (Homer il. a 215) leading a migration
of Pelasgian Greeks to Samothrace (called in consequence “ Dardania” ), and thence into the Troad.
— The city of Larissa in the Troad, mentioned by Homer, may be compared with this migration.
Dardanus had received an ark or chest containing an image of Dionysus or Bacchus. As mount
“ Nusa ” of the Greek.s is clearly Sinai written after the Hebrew manner from right to left, etymology
indicates the origin of the new deity and his worship. — The same ark or chest constituted in after
times the palladium or one of the palladia of the city of Troy (Horn. il. xx. 459, Paus, vii. 19. 6, and
Serv. ad aen. viii. 285).
Osiris when born was placed in an ark and set adrift upon the water ; and his identity with
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