w Ills
“ ggoun,” to, from, with, against, into, out of; “ geivi ” protection, cover, shadow.— The character
occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writinv
(Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 6 to 67).
The species of cobra, as appears from tlie painted figure on the Gliddon mummy-case, is the
indigenous C. haje; — to the present day, tamed and kept by serpent-charmers. From early times,
the reptile seems also connected with mythology: and hence perhaps the worship extended hr
Hindustan to a corresponding species.
^ (the bee efficient in governing on account of its sting, Horap. i. 59); “ g61 ” to incite;
“ g g lgS l” or “ gglgbl ” or “ golggl ” to stab, sting; “ g i s i ’’ "affliction, working, “ g o s i ” to work
hard; “ ggmgem” or “ ggmgom” or “ gomgSm” to afflict with hardship or g r ie f.— The character
occurs under tlie Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28).
(lion signifying anger, Horap. i. 17); “ ggm ” or “ g em ” to become heated, fervent,
feverish ; “ gmom ” heat, “ gmom ” anger ; “ gbki ” to gnaw ; — in Chaldaic “ hma ” anger ;
in Hebrew “ hmS ” anger, “ nkm” and “ nkmg ” vengeance; in Greek the third letter “ gamma.’’’
The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28,
and k. pi. 21 to 67).
- ■ a turnout; “ gir ” junction of two paths; “ gatin ” by the side; “ g a g ” or “ g g k ” nr
“ g g k h ” or “ g o k h ” or “ g b k ” or “ g 6 k h ” to scrape or shave; “ g a jg n ” or “ gaj6 ” brfore, in
front.— The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28) ; and in modified forms
= = = ^ .____^ from the Twelfth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 122,
iii. pi. 260, and k. pi. 20 to 67).
“ hag ” neck ; “ g6g to draw up ; “ ggk ” or “ gek ” or “ gbk ” or “ gdk ” to gird up ; “ gek ”
¿ V or “ g 5k ” to f ig h t ; “ g o rp s ” or “ g d r e s ” fist; “ gdlk ” or “ k51j ” bent, perverse; “ gdg ” or
“ g a gd u ” itching ; “ g a g ” or “ g e t ” neck; “ g a t ” or “ gath ” or “ gtha! ” or “ g o t ” or “ gbt ”
thick, thickness, fat ; “ g S n t” or “ g 6 n t” to approximate. — The character occurs as early as
the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 51).
“ hrour” or “ k ro u r ” a fro g ; “ hr6 ” or “ hr56u ” or “ hrau ” or “ grdou” vo ic e ; “ g 61” to
be hoarse; “ homhSm” or “ himhSm” to growl, roar; “ fiahom” or “ atshaliom” groans,
to groan; “ gg rgir ” to sno.^-e, snoring or snorting. — The character occurs under the Twelfih
dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 142).
(“ g gmds” angle of the eye towards the temples, E d w ) ; “ ig ” demon; — in Hebrew
“ ankS ” groaning, in English “ anguish,” “ ang er” and its exacerbation “ gangrene.” The character
occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, mon. xxxviii, text 373).
(lion flagellating his young, signifying immoderate anger, Horap. ii. 36) ; “ grdcl” children,
“ g e l ” young one; “ g g llo ” or “ g i l l6 ” elder, old woman; “ g d r f ” or “ k d r f” or
“ kfirf” or “ k i r f ” to abolish; “ kour” a s la p ; “ g a g ” or “ g a e ” end, final.— The character
occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, mon. iv. pi. 311).
g soft or j or dsh, its pervading meaning rage.
spring of a lion ; “ jo n s ” violence, unjust, unjustly ; “ jinjons ” or “ jinshons ” injustice ;
“ jn a h ” violence ; — in colloquial English “ jounce.” The character occurs from the Fourth
dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. pi. 15, and k. pi. 32).
(cynocephalus or baboon signifying rage, bones of lion-wlielps clashing fire, Florap.
ii. 36 and i. 14), “ j6 n t ” rage ; “ jol ” waves, billows ; “ jgtshphid” to foam; “ grajrgj ”
to gnash the teeth. — The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 114). In
the Phoenician alphabet, the camel has been substituted, as will be further explained in treating
of this alphabet.
Apart from hieroglyphit^ writing, the dog-faced baboon, Cynocephalus, is figured under the
Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pT. 13), and at Benihassan under the Twelfth, as observed by m y s e lf;
and from at least the Seventeenth dynasty is connected with the mythology, as the monkey is to the
present day in Hindustan. The species of Cynocephalus figured is probably either the Abyssinian,
or the one inhabiting Yemen.
(spinal column or back-bone, signifying a stand, or the loins. Horap. ii. 8 ; “ japhoji ” spinal
column, K irch .); “ jokjgk ” or “ jo k jk ” obstinacy, contumacy, to contend; “ jd n t ” or
“ shbnt” or “ shont” to attempt, make tr ial; “ j id ” to wrestle; — in colloquial English “ spunk.”
The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. too).
(forepart of lion signifying power, Horap. i. 18); “ j i e ” or “ jo in ” or “ jóm ’ power
“ jSrnjom” to be powerful; “ joor ” or “ jo r ” or “ j6rS ” or “ j6 r i” or “ j 6 6 r o r “ j66r£”
strong, powerful; “ gr-m5tj6ri ” to tyrannize, oppress by violence; “ jo is ” or “ jo g is ” lord,
master; “ j a s ” or “ j g s ” to exalt, be exalted; “ jgragit” or “ ja s i” or “ j i s i ” high, superior;
“ j66rg” generous; “ ja” to allow.— The character occurs under the Third dynasty, also in tlie
Book of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twenty-fourth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k.
pi. 12 to 47).
(sparrow seeking protection of the owl, and finding oppression, Horap. ii. 48) ; “ jaj ”
sparrow; “ jajg ” or “ jaji ” or “ ja jg ” or “ jg j i ” enemy; “ j i j ë ” or “ jijëëu ” enemies;
“ jatchë” sinister; “ jajv6n ” malignant; “ jo l ” or “ j e l ” to encompass; “ ja ljë l” or “ joljl ” or
“ jô ljë l” enclosure, fence; “ j o ” or “ jôë ” or “ j o i ” or “ j ó ” wall; “ j c r ” jeer, dension. — The
character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to tlie end of hieroglyphic
writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 to 6, and k. pi. 5 to 63). _ - .
From the coloured figure on the Gliddon mummy-case, the character is found to be the I'ringilla
domestica, or house sparrow of Europe and Western Asia ; a bird very destructive to grain-crops. —
Under the Third dynasty, the thick bill continues distinguishable ; but later monuments present only
a small bird. _ . v ,
ri (smoke ascending signifying fire, Horap. ii. 15) ; “ shshor” smoke ; “ jaivës ” or “ jvves or
® “ jë v s ” sparks, coals; “ j ë l ” or “ jë la ” to burn; “ jo f ” or “ jôf ” burning; “ jrôm ” fire;
“ kva ” or “ jik v a ” vengeance. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3).
(fire and water signifying purity, Horap. i. 41) ; “ jôkër ” to temper, purge with fire ; “ jajô ”
^ frying-pan ; “ jói ” caldron, warm bath, sweat-bath ; “ jakam ” or “ jakëm ” or “ jëkëm ’’ or
“ jô k ëm ’’ or “ jô km ” to wash ; “ jihap” adversary; “ jo o u ” to denounce, send ; “ jôl ë v ô l” or “ j ë l ”
to deny ; “ jg ” or “ ji ” or “ jô ” to speak, dispute; “ jahëm” or “ jahm” or “ jôhm” pollution, polluted
; “ jajh ” pure ; “ jijnit ” ordeal ; — in vulgar English “ to jaw.” The character occurs from the
Twentieth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Champ, gram. 535, Ross. mon. stor. 22 and 23, Buns, and
V ’”''*'^'“ jôkëf ” or “ jookëf ” or “ jô k h f” a g o a d ;— in English, the phrase “ spur of the occasion.”
\ The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Resell, m. civ. 77. 2, Buns, and Birch).
' (writing materials, ink, rush-style, and sieve, signifying sacred scribe, also conclusion ; a
race of cynocephali acquainted with writing, Horap. i. 36 and 14) ; “ jô ry ë s ” a little vase ;
“ jilles ” a little bag or pot ; “ jôi ” band or tie ; “ joli ” or “ jôlës ” or “ jôôlës ” rust, corrosion
; “ jphëôut” ink; “ jôlës ” or “ jôlës ” little reeds; “ j ë ” or “ j ë i ” or “ jô u l’’ beam in
“ jphôi” accusation, calumny ; “ jvin ” revenge, a stain ; “ sh ôlj” accusation, stain; “ jô lj ”
the eye
or “ jôlj ” or “ jes,” to adhere, hold fast; “ solj ” or “ sôlj ” to blot out, expunge; “ jp h io ” to confound,
of di;
seate ; “ jo k ” or “ j6 k ” end. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps.
d. ii. pi. 5, iii. pi. 224, and k. pi. 36). Apart from the hieroglyphic text, scribes in the act of writing
are figured under the Fourth dynasty, as observed by myself at Gizeh.
Juncus spinosus of Egypt and the neighbouring countries. A kind of rush called in Greece
“ vroul5,” in Egypt “ sammar ” (Forsk.), and clearly the “ shoinb ” used among the Egyptians to
make sieves “ kdskinon,” and exclusively for writing — to the time of Horapollo i. 36: sieves “ cri-
brorum ” made in Egypt of “ juncorum ” or “ oxyschoenon ” are mentioned by Pliny xxi. 65 ; “ sammar
” mats, by Abd-allatif; J. spinosus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, growing along the
Mediterranean border of Egypt, but elegant mats made of it were brought from Upper E p ip t and the
region around Suez and exported to Constantinople. Words relating to mats as “ shoinotonos ” and
“ shoinopbles ” occur in Herodotus and other Greek writers ; and the living J. spinosus was observed
by Forskal p. 75, and Hawkins (Sibth.), on the seashore of Crete and the Greek islands as far as the
Dardanelles and Constantinople.
(the word “ sv6 ” signifying both instruction and plenary aliment, Horap. i. 36); “ jom ” or
‘ jal ” or “ jëlô ” or “ jôili ” to deposit ; — in English “ joke ” used colloquially for :
occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 304) : serving besides to mark the “ end of sentences ”
(Buns, and Birch). In Greece (Homer as understood by Pliny xiii. 21 to 23) “ pugillarium ” or
writing-tablets were in use before the Trojan war ; and Pliny further states, that the Greeks continued
O'
‘ matshj ”
‘ jism ë ” to hear, attend ; “ jmsotem" act 01 nearing, rumour; -jinsoms cvui or “ tshan-
sôms ëvôl ” or “ joutsht ëvôl ” or “ jinjôutsht ” or “ shinshôtsht ” or “ shôtsht ” to expect ; “ jisvô ” to
learn, be instructed. — The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 62).
(dog signifying magistrate or judge, from showing favour to nobody, Horap. i. 37 and
38) ; “ ja a r ” solid; “ ja jô ” or “ jô tn ” neck; “ ja r ë v ” or “ jë r ë v ” pulled by the neck,
exposed to view ; “ jinarëh ” keeper, guard; “ jë r ë j” or “ jë r ë j” o r “ shërësh” hunter;
“ jrô js ” a hunt ; “ j ë r ” or “ jërj ” or “ jôrj ” to enquire, hunt, seek, explore; “ jo h ” or