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“ The same year ” (Crawfurd vii. 11), in Java, Hindu temples constructed at Sukuh in the mountain
of Lawuh.
Hardly later than this year ( . . . . ) , after residing while a young man in Damascus, and proceeding
thence to Hindustan, Ceylon, and Sumatra. Nicolo Conti, leaving on his right Andamania
inhabitod by cannibals, arriving at Ava. — He continued Eastward to Xe+hona, and at a month’s
distance from the continent reached the Greater Java (Borneo). He describes running a muck, the
prevalence of cock-fighting, and birds without feet whose skin and tail are “ used as ornaments for the
head” {paradise birds from New Guinea) : fifteen days Eastward from the two Javas are two other
islands, Sandal on which nutmegs grow, and Bandan which alone produces cloves; parrots of three
kinds are also found on Bandan, “ some with red feathers and a yellow beak, and some parti-coloured,
which are called ‘ nori,’ that is brilliant” (lories), and “ some white” which are called “ each! ” (cockatoos).
Returning, he sailed “ westward ” to “ Ciampa abounding in aloes wood," thence to Melibaria
and Calicut, and after spending two months on Sechntera, yielding Socotrine aloes and “ for the most
part inhabited by Nestorian Christians,” he proceeded up the Red Sea and reached Venice in 1444
after twenty-five years absence.
The Galeopilhecus or flying-cat is described by Nicolo Conti.
Diirio zibethinus of the Eastern Equatorial portion of the Malayan archipelago. The fetid but
much celebrated durien is called in Burmah “ du-yeen ” (Mason) ; and is clearly the green fruit called
“ duriano,” having five fruits within and in taste varying like that of cheese, seen by Nicolo Conti on
Sumatra : * — D. zibethinus is described by Rumphius i. pl. 29 ; was observed by Navarrete growing
on Borneo and Celebes, but not as far as Manilla; by Dampier, on Mindanao ; by myself, on Sulu;
by Mason v. 447, a cultivated “ exotic” in Burmah. Westward, by Roxburgh iii. 399, in Hindustan:
but bas only recently been introduced into the environs of Bombay (Nimmo, and Graham), and into
Zanzibar, observed by myself on the imaum’s plantation. Accounts of this fruit had reached Europe
as early as 1640, the “ durion ” being mentioned by Parkinson.
Santalum ka-ra-mai of Burmah. Probably included in the “ white sandal wood" seen by Nicolo
Conti at Panconia: —S. ka-ra-mai was observed in Burmah by Mason.
“ 1440, Aug. 26th to Sept. nth” (Nicol.), another synod at Bourges. The bishops with
Charles V II. of France refused to recognize the Council of Ferrara, or to abolish “ Pragmatic sanction.”“
In this year,” Galfridus of Lynn, according to his own account, writing, . Tfrhis Promptorium parvulorum,
an English-Latin dictionary.
Galeobdolon Iuteum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called m Brxfan yellow dead-
nettle ox yellow archangel (Prior), and probably included in the “ archangel” or “ defe nettyle ” OT
Galfridus pr. pm., — and “ archangelica” or “ blind netele ” of gloss. Harl. 3388 (Cockayne)
Interim is described by Caesalpinus xi. 31 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ g. sive urtica iners fiore luteo” by
Tournefort inst. 185, “ cardiaca sylvatica” by Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow in wooded
mountainous situations throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Hoffm. germ , Pers,, and Engl,
bot. pl. 787). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount Hæmus and around Constantinople.
. . .
“ 1441 A. D,” (Galvan., Churchill coll., and Major pr. H. 89), under instructions from prince
Henry, Antam Gonsalves at the above-mentioned estuary procuring the “ skins and ml of seacalves”
(seals). Having completed his cargo, “ he took nine sailors inland and succeeded in capturing two
natives : ” but on the following day as he was about leaving, he was joined by Nuno Tristan in an
armed caravel bringing a Moor to act as interpreter : a second incursion was planned, which resulted
in the capture of “ ten natives ; ” of whom the chief only “ was able to converse with the interpreter,
* Castanea Martabanica of the mountains of Burmah. A chestnut tree in common with the Juglans
called “ theet-kya” (Mason), and probably the “ chesnuts ” seen by Nicolo Conti at the city of
Panconia: — C. Martabanica was observed in Burmah by Wallich; by Mason v. 398 to 456, “ '"H-
genous,” growing “ on the uplands” and sometimes “ nearly down to the sea shore,” the fruit “ sold
fn bazar’’"but inferior in quality to the European chestnut.
C a s t a n e a tribuloides of fhe xaountams of Bmmah. Distinguished as the “ wet-theet-khya hog-
chestnut (Mason) ; and included perhaps in the “ chesnuts” seen by Nicolo Conti at Panconia: —C-
tribuloides was observed by Mason v. 463 “ indigenous ” and undescribed.
Pandanus hsat-thwa-gyee of Burmah. A stemmed palm-like screw-pine, affording perhaps the
“ pine-apples” seen by Nicolo Conti at Panconia: — P. hsat-thwa-gyee was observecl by Mason v.
521 in Burmah, “ very abundant” and “ usually growing near the sea,” the sails of “ many of the Burmese
boats ” made of its “ large narrow leaves sewed together,” and its fruit “ used by the Karens 0
kackle their thread.”
the rest spoke the language of the Azanegues or Tawny Moors” (Barabra Race); the interpreter
going on shore “ was detained prisoner, after having in vain tried to negotiate with the natives,” and
Gonsalves sailed for Portugal. Tristara, after repairing his vessel, continued beyond the Gallée rock
to a cape which from its whiteness he called Cape Branco, and returned.
A concession was now obtained from the pope “ in perpetuity to the crown of Portugal of whatever
lands might be discovered beyond Cape Bojador to the Inclies inclusive.” The Bull issued —
was subsequently confirmed by the popes Nicholas V. and Sixtus IV.
“ 1442 A. D.” (Churchill coll., Galvano giving “ 1443,” see Major pr. H. 91), the captive chief,
wishing to return and offering a ransom, was sent back under Gonsalves; and “ handsomely dressed
in clothes which the prince had given him,” was set on shore : at the end of a week, “ a Moor on a
white camel appeared with full a hundred slaves,” out of which “ ten negroes of both sexes were given
up in exchange for the two boys,” besides “ a great number of ostrich eggs,” a leathern buckler, and
“ a small quantity of gold dust : ” the estuary in consequence received the name of “ Rio d’Ouro.”
In this year, in Java, Raden Paku “ twelve years of age ” resigned by his nurse Niai Gedi Pinateh
to the charge of Raden Rachmet. Who brought him up in the Mohammedan religion.
“ The same year” (Webb in archæol. Brit, xxi, and R. H. Major in soc. Haki), Abd-er-Razzak,
envoy from Shah Rokh, arriving at Ormuz ; a great commercial city, where “ merchants from the seven
climates of the world ” assemble, “ from Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, etc.,” men “ of all religions, even infidels,
who traffic in perfect liberty, and to whom justice is equally administered,” He was detained in
“ May” at Kariat (near Muscat), and thence proceeded to Calicut, — and at the “ end of April” in the
following year reached the city of Vijanagar in Southern Hindustan. Returning, he reached Ormuz
“ April 22d, 1444,” was sent on embassy into Ghilan “ in 1446,” and died at Herat “ in 1482.”
Rosa Indica of China. The China rose probably included among the “ roses of all kinds ” under
cultivation seen by Abd-er-Razzak on approaching Vijanagar, sold in the bazaar sweet-smelling and in
constant succession, and regarded by inhabitants “ quite as necessary as food:” —R. Indica was
observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay “ common in every garden and in flower all the year
by Roxburgh, in Bengal; by Mason, “ exotic” in Burmah ; and is known to be indigenous in China
(Pers ). Transported to Europe, is termed “ r. rubra Malabathrum” by Cornuti p. 121, who states
that it grows more fragrant with age ; is described also by Petiver pl. 35 ; and from Europe was carried
to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses.
Rosa microphylla oi China. Small-leaved with pale-red flowers ; and possibly among the roses
seen by Abd-er-Razzak : — observed by Graham “ common in gardens ” at Bombay, and known to be a
“ native of China.” Transported to Europe, is described by Don ii. 581, and in bot. mag. pl. 3490 (Grah.).
Rosa Sinica of China. The ¿V«»«/rara, probably among those seen by Abd-er-Razzak :—observed
by Lush in the Bombay district at Dapooree; by Mason, “ exotic ” in Burmah; and known
to be indigenous in China (Linn.). Transported to Europe, is termed “ r. Bengalensis” by Persoon,
“ r. semperflorens” by Curtis mag. pl. 284, the flowers red (Pers., and Steud.).
Rosa glandulifera oi Hindustan. White-flowered and called in the environs of Bombay “ shewa-
tee goolab” (Graham) ; possibly among the roses seen by Abd-er-Razzak: — described by Roxburgh
ii. 515 ; and observed by Law near Bombay, “ common in gardens at Belgaum, where it is in flower all
the year” (Graham).
“ 1443 A. D.” (Churchill coll., and Major pr. H. 93), under instructions from prince Henry, Ñuño
Tristan passing Cape Branco : “ twenty-five miles beyond,” in the Bay of Arguin, a small island was
discovered from which “ twenty-five canoes put out,” each containing three or four natives entirely
naked and paddling with their feet; the canoes were pursued and “ fifteen” of the natives captured,
and after visiting another islet, resorted to by multitudes of herons and other birds for breeding,
Tristan “ returned the same year with his booty ” to Portugal. — On the first-named islet, the fortress
of Arguin was built “ in 1448.”
“ In this year (= 847 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Ahmed Shah succeeded by Mohammed Shah,
now third Muslim king of Guzerat.
“ In this year ” (San-kokf transl Klapr.), (he Southern portion of Yeso conquered by the Japanese
general Nobou-firo.* — His descendants have continued princes there to the present day, and the
district is called Matsmaye.
* Euphorbia Sieboldiana of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ ikatsuka,” or by the
Japanese “ kansui,” — and enumerated by Siebold as medicinal.
Lonicera brachypoda'oi Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ sui kadsura” by the
Japanese, — and enumerated by Siebold as medicinal
Lapathum sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese “ ma daiwo,” —
and enumerated by Siebold as medicinal.
Rheum sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ sjunaba,” or by the Japanese
“ stakamaro ; ” — enumerated by Siebold as medicinal.
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