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248 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
and Lenz). The English term mandrake cornes from the fraudulent substitution of a different root
cut into human shape (Brown pop. err. ii. 5, and Prior).
Pimpinella anisum of Central Asia. The imported seeds called in Britain amse, in France rod
Germany “ an is ” (Nugent, and Grieb), in Italy “ granelli d’ anice ” (Lenz), in Greece “ anison or
“ O-Iukanison ” and the plant “ glukanthes” (Fraas), in Egypt “ yansoun ” (Del.) ; in which W0ecog-
nize the ANI6 0 N commended by Pythagoras - (Plin. xx. 72), the Hippocratic writings, Evenor,
lollas, Dieuches, Dalion. Sosimenes, Heraclides, Tlepolemus, the best according to Dioscorides produced
on Crete, and the next be.st in Egypt ; the Egyptian kind is mentioned also by C o lum « a xii.
CT and Pliny ■ P. anisum was observed by Delile, and CIot-Bey, under cultivation in Eg yp t; by Sibthorp,
and Fraas, seldom cultivated in Greece, but springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground.
Westward, the “ anison ” or “ sion ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ anisoum ’’ of the Romans ;
and the “ anisum” is mentioned by Celsus ii. 72, and Palladius : P. anisum is descnbed by Matthioli
ii, pl 113; is termed “ apium anisum dictum semine suaveolente ” by Tournefort inst. 305; rod is
known to be sometimes cultivated as far as France (Pers., Targ-Tozz., and Lenz). Eastward from
Syria, is called in Hindustanee “ anisun ” or “ saunf,” in Bengalee “ jira,” known to D rozario as a
kind of parsley ; was not seen by Mason v. 496 in Burmah, though the seeds are “ much used by the
native ” physicians ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, sparingly cultivated in Japan and,
called “ kvaiko,” or usually “ uikjo ” or “ koikjo ” or “ kureno ommo ” or “ sen nisi.” By European
colonists, was carried before 1669 to New England, where Josselyn found the seeds seldom ripening.
“ The officinal preparations ” according to Pereira, and Lindley, are in frequent medicinal use.
Origanum majorana of Persia? Called in Britain marjoram, in medieval Latin “ majoraro
(Prior) in France “ mariorlaine ” (Nugent), in Germany “ majoran,” in Italy “ maggiorana or
“ amaraco ” or “ persa ” or “ samsuco ” (Lenz), in Greece “ masouran ” (Forsk.) or “ mantziourana
pronounced “ manschurana ” (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen “ mardakusj ” or “ mardfoiisch _ (ForsE) ;
ill which we recognize the “ amarakon” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the E p p t ia n 0 +®. ‘0
“ muouron ” of the Armenians, “ ônôs iërëôs ” or “ ëkigônôs isëôs ” of the prophets, and 0 P AAA B H £
of Pvtharoras ; — the “ amarakos” is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Chaeremon, Eubulus, Antiphanes,
Theophrastus, Nicander, Meleager, Dioscorides i. 68, and is identified by Dio0 s of Carystus
with the “ sampsouhon,” produced according to Dioscorides iii. 4 < of the best quality at Cyzicus
and on Cyprus, and the ne.xt best in E g yp t: “ sampsuchum” is given as the S p a n and Egyptian
name (Plin.) ; and the “ naukratikë ” wreath, mentioned by Anacreon, wa.s according to Athenrous of
“ .sampsuhos;” the “ morsanjush ” is mentioned by Avicenna; 0 . majorana was observed by Hasrol-
quist, and Forskal, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen; rod by him
and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece as far as Constantinople. M e s tw ^ l, the sampsuhon
mentioned as occurring in Sicily by Dioscorides ; is identified in the added Syronyms with the mai-
zourana” of the Romans; the “ sampsucum” or “ amaracus” is mentioned by Lucretius, Catullus,
V ir “ ii, Columella, and directions for its cultivation are given by Plmy xxi. 35: O. majorana is
described by Morison iii. pl. 3 ; " "d is known to be cultivated from Italy and 1 ortugal thi_cu0 out
middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Arabia, is called in Hindustan^ mrozanjosh or
“ marwa ” or “ nazbo ” (D ’roz.) ; and was observed by Graham “ in gardens in the environs of Bombay.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues well known in
" " l l ' z V A montana of the Mediterranean countries. A horehound-like p0 t called in Germroy
“ “ liedkraut” (Grieb): the “ .sitheritis” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian sfotuonôr,
t h e “ “ 5n5n” or “ aima titanou ” or “ oura skorpiou ” of the prophets, p A PM lP O N of I yth^oras,
— “ vouiihthalmon ” of Osthanes, and “ xanthôphanëa ” of Andreas, may be compared : the sitheritis
” is described by Dioscorides as an herb a span or more high growing in stony places, its leaves
“ p / s i o ” -like but longer as in “ ëlëlisphakôu ” and “ thruôs ” as well as smaller and rough stems
quadrangular, not unpleasant to the taste and somewhat astringent, surrounded at intervals w, h
whorled balls after the manner of “ prasiôn” and containing black seeds, the eaves exteinally
applied agglutinating wounds and arresting inflammation : S. montana was observed by f o i s « l , an
Sibthorp, stony pllces and on walls in Greece and Asia Minor as far as the D ard ro e lle^ n d S ^ rn a .
Westward, the “ sitheritis ” or “ êraklëian ” is further identified m Syn. Diosc. with the outhethon
of the Numidians, and “ ôuërtôumnôum ” or “ sôlëastrôum ” of the Romans; but the account of t ie
sideritin “ quadrato caule ” by Pliny xxv. 19 seems chiefly taken from Dio.scorides : S. montana is
termed “ marrubiastrum sideritidis folio caliculis aculeatis fiore flavo cum limbo atro-purpureo ly
Tournefort in.st. 190; is known to grow in Italy and Austria (Jacc^usU;. v pl. 4 0 , and I ers
A tr ip lex hortensis oi Tartary. Called in Britain orach, m old English “ arach, by Galfndus pr.
pm. “ arage,” in France “ arroche” (Prior), in Germany “ melde ” (Gneb), in Italy bietolone or
“ spinacione” o r “ atriplice” (Lenz), in G r e e c e “ villa ” or “ spanakia ” 0 raas), m E g^ tian ôht
(Syn. D io s c .) ; in which we recognize the “ atriplex” condemned by 1 ythagoras — (1 hn. xx. 83),
%
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 249
and J. Lydus mens. iv. 39; identified through Syn. Diosc. with the “ atraphaxis” or “ atraphaxun”
or “ anthraphaxis ” of Pherecrates, Hippocrates, Diodes, Theophrastus, Lycus of Neapolis, Dionysius,
Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 57: A. hortensis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated
ground in Greece and as far as Constantinople, rare ; by Hasselquist, in gardens at Damietta ;
and is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants of Egypt. Westward, the “ atraphaxis ” or
“ hrusôlahanôn ” is identified directly in Syn. Diosc. with the “ atriplikëm ” of the Romans ; the “ atriplex
” is said by Solon Smyrnaeus to be cultivated with difficulty in Italy, incorrectly according to
Pliny ; is mentioned also by Coluqjella x. 337, and Palladius : A. hortensis is described by Matthioli i.
pl. 417, and C. Bauhin pin. 119 ; is termed “ a. hortensis alba sive pallide virens ” by Tournefort inst.
50s ; was observed by Lenz cultivated here and there in Italy ; and according to Loudon, is cultivated
to considerable extent in the neighborhood of Paris. Eastward from Syria, was observed by Lush,
and Nimmo, under cultivation “ as a spinage ” in Bombay and on the Deccan (Graham), but no native
name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was observed by
Pursh, and myself, springing up in cultivated ground in our Northern and Middle States, but may
have disappeared, being according to A. Gray “ rarely cultivated as a pot-herb.”
Pedalium murex of the seashore of Eastern Africa and Hindustan. A prostrate herb called
in Telinga “ yea-nugapulleroo,” in Tamil “ ana-neringie,” in Malabar “ kaka-mooloo,” in Hindustanee
“ burra-ghokeroo ” (Drur.) ; and the “ coracesia ” and “ callicia ” said by the Magians and Pythagoras
“ aquam glaciari ” — (Plin. xxiv. 99) may be compared : P. murex was observed by Rheede x.
pl. 72 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, “ the fresh leaves have the property of thickening
water and rendering it mucilaginous;” by N. L. Burmann pl. 45, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury,
“ common about Cape Comorin on the sea-shores ” and as far as the “ shores of Coromandel,” its
leafy stems thickening butter-milk, and its seeds used as diuretic in dropsy.
Gmelina parviflora of Southern Hindustan. A woody Verbenaceous plant, possibly included
with the preceding : — observed by Roxburgh cor. pl. 32 in Coromandel, its leaves like those of P.
murex having the power of rendering water mucilaginous (Pers., and Drur.).
“ 529 B. C .” (Euseb., and Clint.), “ Thirteenth” change in naval dominion. Leaving the Phocaeans,
the “ Empire ” over at least the East Mediterranean waters, acquired by the Samian Greeks
under Polycrates.
“ The same y e a r ” ( = 538 — “ 9 y e a r s ” of Alex. Polyhistor in Euseb., see Clint, i. p. 258 and
ii. p. 12), Cyrus slain in battle on the “ plain of Dahar.” His tomb (visited by Alexander, and
described by Strabo, and Arrian) is extant near Murghab (Lubke and Lutrow). He was succeeded
by Cambyses, second Persian emperor.
A hieroglyphic inscription on the rock on the Kosser road, in which the chief architect traces his
lineal ancestors as far back as the “ Twenty-fourth ” generation, to an ancestral mother Nofratnue ;
“ at a rough calculation about the end of the Nineteenth dyn a sty” (Leps. eg. and sin. 458).
“ 527 B. C.” ( . . . . Clint, app. 2), Pisistratus succeeded by his eldest son Hippias, now with
his brother Hipparchus joint rulers of Athens.
The same ye.ir = “ 44th year of Aahmas II. ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments
(C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 594).
Momordica (Ecbaliunt) elaterium of the Mediterranean countries. The imported drug is called
in Britain elaterium (Lindl ), the plant in gardens spurting cucumber, \o Germany “ springgurke ”
(Grieb), in France “ concombre élastique ” (Fée), in Italy “ elaterio ” or “ cocomero asinino ” (Lenz),
in Greece “ pikra aggôura ” (Forsk.) or “ agriagkouria ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ katte el homar ” (Forsk.) :
an instance o f “ ëlatëriôn” from the “ sikuös agriös ” — lasting two hundred years, was known to
Theophrastus ix. 14. i to 75. 6; “ ëlatëriôn” is mentioned also by Aeschylus choeph. 962, Hippocrates;
the “ sikuös agrôtërôs,” by Nicander ther. 867 ; and “ sikuös agriös ” growing about dwellings
and in sandy situations, by Dioscorides; M. elaterium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent among rubbish from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands
to Constantinople ; by Forskal mat. med., its fruit imported from Syria and Sinai into Egypt, the
plant itself was received from Egypt by Linnæus. Westward, the “ sikus agriös ” or “ ëlatëriôn ” or
“ valis” or “ vönvaliön” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ kôusimëzar” of the Numidians, and
“ kôukôumërëm rôustikôum ” or “ agrëstëm ” of the Romans; “ elaterium ” from th e “ cucumin siivestrem
” is mentioned by Pliny xx. 2 ; M. elaterium is termed “ c. s. asininus dictus ” by Tournefort
inst. 104; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow wild in Italy and
other parts of Southern. Europe (Pers., and Lenz). The extract according to Lindley is “ a violent
cathartic and hydragogue.”
“ 526 B. C .” (Clint, i. p. 236), Amösis II. succeeded by Psammëhëritës or Psam-
I mënitôs, ninth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. Who reigned “ six months ” only
(according to the Afr.-Maneth. table, and Herodotus iii. 14). The name of Psametik
I I I . occurs at Karnak, and on a moveable article — now in Rome (Glid. analect.).
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