5 il
1 7 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Juniperus macrocarpa of the East Mediterranean countries. The A PKEVTOE of Musaeus —
(schol. Apollon, iv), and Satyrus, is described by Theophrastus iii. 3. i to 12. 3 as growing on nioun-
« • — . « v , 1 — «tains, taller'than the “ k ëthrôs”« and1 1le. .s s p rick ly, iijt_s_ _w_ OoTo5 id inferior and scenliess, and berries black
and hardly edible; is mentioned also by Nicander ther. v. 584; “ arkëuthôs mikra having
fruit no larger than a filbert, by Dioscorides : “ lesser arkëuthis ” berries are among the ingredients
of the “ kuphi” incense enumerated by Manetho, and the “ arkëuthôs” is identified in Syn. Diosc.
with the “ livioum” of the Egyptians, and “ zôuôrinsipët” of the Numidians: the name, subsequently
pronounced “ argëtôs,” has according to Fraas become obsolete: J. macrocarpa is termed
“ j. maior” by Matthioli p. n 8 , “ j. maximi iliyrici ” by Lobel hist. 629 and ii. pl. 223, “ j. major
bacca cærulea” by Tournefort inst. 589; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of
Greece, its berries obovate, twice as large as in J. o.xycedrus and black with a blue bloom ; is known
to grow also in Illyria, Istria, and Sicily (Spreng., ancl Lenz).
“ 1077 B. C. = 2d year of Kang-wang, of the T ch eo u ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
1075, November ( = 1073 y. 302jf d. — “ 7 months” of i Sam. vi. l) , the ark of the covenant
removed from Shiloh and captured by the Philistines : and on “ the same day,” death of the high-
priest Eli.
1074 B. C. ( = 1113 y. 302^1 d. — “ 40 years ” o f Judg. xiii. i), the ark of the covenant returned
by the Philistines ; and placed at Kirjath-jearim. The Philistines afterwards defeated by the Israelites
under the prophet Samuel ( i Sam. vii. i to 13).
Achillea millefolium of Northern climates. Called in Britain milfoil or nosebleed av sanguinary
or yarrow, in Anglo-Saxon “ gearwe,” in Germany “ garbe,” in Low German “ geruwe,” in Old Hi0
German “ garawa,” in Old Frisian “ kerva,” names apparently from the Greek “ iëra ” (Prior), in
France “ mille-feuille ” (Nugent), in Italy “ millefoglie ” or “ achillea ” (Leiiz) ; in which we recognize
the “ millefoliam ” or “ achilleos ” with which the wounded king Telephus of Mysia was healed
by A chille s— (Plin. x.xv. 19); described by Dioscorides as having coriander-like leaves with numerous
incisures, white or purple flowers in a terminal umbel, used for agglutinating wounds and stanching
blood, and in the added Synonyms identified with the “ ahillëiôn sithëritin ” or “ hiliôphullôn ” or
“ muriômôrphôn ” or “ stratiôtikôn : ” A. millefolium wa.s observed in Greece by Fraas ; is known
to grow also along the Taurian mountains ; and to and beyond Lat. 62° throughout Siberia (Meyei).
Westward, the “ ahillëiôn sithëritin ” or “ êraklëiôn ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ aster hoi-
lô th ” of the Numidians, and “ militarëm” or “ millëphôliôum ” of the Romans; and the “ millefolium”
or “ achilleos” or “ panacem h eradeon” is described by Pliny as a cubit high and branchy,
clad from the base with leaves like those of fennel but smaller; the “ herbaque quæ foliis nomen de
mille” is mentioned by Serenus Sammonicus ; the “ sanguinaria” or “ millefolium,” by Marcellus i ;
the “ millefolium,” in a medical formula of the time of Charlemagne (Spreng.) ; and the “ herbam
cui nomen foliis de mille,” by Macer Floridus; A. millefolium is described by Brunfels iii. p. 171,
Lobel, Gerarde, and Parkinson theatr. 695 ; is known to grow in Italy and from the Pyrenees throughout
middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Wats., and A. Dec.). Farther West, was observed
by Hooker in Iceland ; by Gieseck, in Greenland ; by Richardson, nearly to Slave Lake ; by Drummond,
on the crest of the Rocky mountains ; by Georgi, on the Pacific coast of America and i.slands
as far as Kamtschatka; is known to grow from Lat. 57° 20' in Labrador (Meyer) throughout Canada
and along the Atlantic to our Southern States (Chapm.), springing up in clearings and having an un-
American aspect, but already in New England in 1620 on the arrival of the first colonists (Mourt
rel.) ; From Europe, according to Clot-Bey, has recently been introduced into the gardens of Egypt.
Achillea tomentosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Included in the “ ahillëios” — at least
by Dioscorides, who describes the flowers as sometimes “ hrusizonta ” golden : A. tomentosa was
observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains from the Peloponnesus to the
environs of Constantinople. Westward, is termed “ millefolium tomentosum Iuteum ” by Tournefort
inst. 496; is known to grow in Italy (Lenz), and France (Pers.); but as occurring in England, is
regarded by A. Decandolle as hardly naturalized.
Bupleurum rotundifolium of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain hare’s ear, by
Turner “ thorow-wax” or “ throw-wax” its “ stalke waxeth throw the leaves,” in medieval Latin “ auricula
leporis ” (Prior), in Germany “ hasenohr,” in Italy “ bupleuro ” or “ cinquefoglio giallo ” (Lenz) ;
and the “ veram achilleon” with which Telephus was healed — is referred by others to a branchless
plant a foot high, its stem blue and elegantly invested throughout with separate round leaves (Plin.
X X V . 19) : B. rotundifolium is known to grow wild about Caucasus and the mountains of Suwant
(Bieb., and Hohen.), and it may be in Persia (Fisch., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, in cultivated and fallow ground, from Constantinople and Cyprus to foe Peloponnesus.
Farther West, is termed “ b. perfoliatum rotundifolium annuum” by Tournefort inst. 310; was observed
by Forskal near Marseilles, but throughout Western Europe is known only as a weed in cultivated
ground (Pers., and A. Dec.).
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 7 1
1072 B. C. (Horn. il. ix. 328), the country around Troy ravaged by Achilles, who destroyed
“ eleven ” towns in foe Interior and “ twelve ” on the coast.
“ In the T en th ” and last year of the war (Sm. b. d.), pestilence in the Greek camp, and the
daughter of Chryses priest of Apollo at Cliryse, sent back to her father. — With which event,
Homer’s account opens.
Ulmus ejfusa of foe Mediterranean countries. A small kind of elm called in Greece “ phtélia”
(Sibth.) or “ phtélSa” (Fraas), in which we recognize the “ ptSléa” growing along the river-brink near
Troy — (il. vi. 419 and xxi. 242 to 350), mentioned also by Hesiod op. 435, Aristophanes nub. 1008,
Dioscorides, and distinguished from the “ oréoptSléa” large mountain kind by Theophrastus iii. 14:
U. effusa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete throughout Greece, according to Chaubard,
never becoming very large; Westward, foe “ ulmus” is mentioned by Plautus, Virgil, and a
“ silvestre ” kind by Pliny xvi. 29 : U. effusa is distinguished by Willdenow, is termed “ u. peduncu-
la ta ” by Fougeroux; and is described by Lindley as “ a small tr e e ” growing in “ woods in the Southern
parts of Europe.”
Ulmus suberosa, — by some writers regarded distinct, is termed “ u. sa tiv a ” by Duroi, “ u.
pumila ” by Pallas, “ u. frutico sa ” and “ arbórea” by Willdenow (Steud.), and is perhaps the
“ kharkhafty ” long known in the gardens of Egypt, according to Delile, and Clot-Bey, but hardly
exceeding the dimensions of a shrub.
S a lix alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A large tree called in Britain white
willow (Prior), in Italy with other species “ sa lc io” (Lenz), in Greece “ g é tig ia ” (Forsk.) or “ é tia ”
(Sibth.) or “ ité a ” (Fraa s); and the “ itSai ólésikarpói ” growing among lofty poplars and conspicu-'
ous from the sea — (od. x. 510), “ itéa léuké ” of Theophrastus iii. 13, and “ itéa thénthrón ” of Dioscorides,
are referred here by Fraas ; the “ candidam ” kind is also enumerated by Pliny xvi. 69 as
cultivated in Asia, and the most useful: S. alba was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Cyprus
throughout Greece; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the “ candida” kind of
“ sa lix ” is mentioned by Cato vi. 9, Virgil, and Ovid met. x. 96; S. alba is termed “ s. vulgaris alba
arborescens ” by Tournefort inst. 590, “ omnium maxima et utilissima ” by Persoon, and according to
Carey is sometimes “ eighty ” feet high ; is known to grow in meads from Italy throughout middle
Europe (Pollini, and Engl. bot. pl, 2430), and is besides planted. Eastward from the Black Sea, was
observed by Thunberg in the outskirts of cities in Japan, and called “ kawa-ianigi.” B y European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted for ornament in our Nortliern
States. Its bark, recommended by “ Stone in 1763,” is regarded by Smith as “ valuable in the treatment
of a gu e s ” though “ inferior to that of S. Russeliana” (Lindl.).
S a lix fra g ilis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A tall and handsome tree called in
Britain crack willow (Prior), the annual shoots readily breaking off (Pers.), in Germany “ brech-
weide,” in Greece “ itéa ” (Fraas) or “ étia ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the “ ité a ” growing
along the river-brink near T r o y— (il. xxi. 350) : the “ itéa ” divining-rod is mentioned by Herodotus
iv. 6 ; a shield of “ itéa,” by Euripides suppl. 705 ; and the “ itSa mélaina” becoming a tree, according
to Theophrastus iii. 13. 7, with shoots more useful for weaving than the “ léu k é ” kind: S. fragilis
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on river-banks from foe Peloponnesus to Constantinople
; by Forskal, in the gardens of Constantinople, as well as those of Egypt. Westward, is
described by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is termed “ s. decipiens” by Thuillier (Steud.) ; and is known to
grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Russia (Pers., Engl. bot. pl. 1807, and Wats.).
B y European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is “ cultivated for basket-work”
(Carey), but whether perfecting seeds is not stated. Its bark is “ included in some pliarmacopoeias ”
(Lindl.). “ S. Russeliana,” according to J. E. Smith the most valuable officinal species, seems generally
regarded as not distinct.
Cornus mascula ai Europe and the adjoining portion o f Asia. Called in Italy “ corniolo ” or
“ cornal” or “ corna” (Lenz), in Greece “ krania” (Fraas), in which we recognize the “ kranéia ” of
the mountain forest'— (il. xvi. 767), and of Herodotus vii. 92, Anaxandrides, Theophrastus iii. 12,
Dioscorides, and Galen: C. mascula was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in Asia
Minor and Greece, wild in the forest; and by Forskal, and Bory, planted in gardens at Constantinople
and in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, “ cornus ” berries are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as
imported from Greece into Egypt, and the living tree according to Clot-Bey has been recently introduced.
Westward, foe “ cornus” is mentioned by Lucretius v. 939, Horace, Columella, Silius Itali-
cus, is termed “ bona bello ” by Virgil georg. ii. 447, and the “ cornus mascula ” is described by Pliny
xvi. 30 to 42 as growing on mountains and its wood exceeding strong and destitute of p ith : C. mascula
is termed “ c. sylvestris mas ” by Tournefort inst. 641 ; is known to grow wild in Italy and middle
Europe, is besides planted (Desf., Pers., and Lenz).
Buxu's Balearica of mountains in the Mediterranean countries. The “ puxós ” of which Priam’s
horse-collars were made — (il. xxiv. 268), as well as writing-tablets, not only among the Greeks but
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