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6 3 6 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
abounding especially in Britain (Linn., fl. Dan. pi. 608, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by
Chaubard around Calamata in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to St. Helena
and the Mauritius islands, and in both localities has become naturalized (A. Dec., and Boj.).
Potentilla argentea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. One or more species is called
in Iceland “ mara” (Olaf Olafsens urtag.) ; and the m A r e of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 31. 7 —
is referred here in part by Cockayne : P. argentea is termed “ pentaphyllum exiguum ” by Tragus
(Spreng.), “ quinquefolium folio argenteo” by Tournefort inst. 297 ; and is known to occur in waste
places throughout middle and Northern Europe (Crantz, Pers., Genersich, and Wahl.). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus. By European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, occurring not only in waste
ground but in wild sunny situations.
Potentilla anserma of cool Climates. Called in Britain goose-grass or goose-tansy or silver-
weed, in mediæval Latin “ argentina ” (Prior), in France “ argentine” (Nugent):' the g e L Od VVy PT
of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 32. 3, and the “ m are” in part,— are referred here by Cockayne:
P. anserina is described by Brunfels (Spreng.) ; was observed by Bertoloni in Italy ; is known to
gi'Ow on the Azores (W ats.), and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and
Iceland (Lam. fl. fr., fl. Dan. pl. 544. Fries, and Hook.). Eastward, is known to grow throughout
Northern Asia as far as Armenia, Talusch, Cashmere (Thomson, and A. D ec.), Pekin (Bunge),
Daouria, and Kamtschatka (Ledeb.). Farther East, on the seashore of Unalascha and at Norfolk
Sound and Kotzebue Sound (Mert., and Hook.) ; was observed by myself around the interior salines
of Oregon ; is known to grow as far as Cumberland house in Lat. 54° (Drumm.), lake Huron (Hook.),
lake Champlain (M x.), Pennsylvania (A. Gray), Labrador (Pursh), Greenland (D ec.), Newfoundland
(Lapil.), along the Atlantic so far as observecl by myself, exclusively maritime and ceasing at
about Lat. 42°. In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by R. Brown p. 60 in Australia ; by J.
D. Hooker p. 54, in New Zealand; and by C. Gay ii. p. 303, in Chili.
Circoea luietiana of Northern Climates. Called in Britain enchanter's nightshade (Prior), in Old
Dutch “ alfrancke,” and the Ae L f T h 0 n e of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 32. 4 — is referred here
conjecturally by Cockayne : C. lutetiana is described by Lobel obs. p. 137, F. Columna ecphr. ii.
p. 80 (Spreng), and Tournefort inst. 301 ; was observed by Savi on the Appenines ; and is known to •
grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Finland (Ledeb., Wats., and
A. D ec.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in cultivated ground around Constantinople
and in woods on the Bithynian Olympus, rarely in Greece ; is known to grow on Caucasus
(Bieb.), and throughout Siberia as far as the Yenisei (P all.). Farther East, was observed by Beck
on the Mississippi at St. Louis ; and is known to grow from lake Huron and Montreal (Hook.)
throughout our Northern and middle States, and along the Alleghanies as far as Georgia (E ll, and
Chapm.) ; observed by myself, sometimes in waste ground, but more frequently in the forest and to
ali appearance indigenous.
Callitriche aquatica of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain water-starwort (Prior) : the
e A L lf e r of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 22. 2 and ii. 24 — is referred here in gloss. Dun., and
the “ wæterwyrt” of transl. Apul. 48, is referred here by Lyte and Nemnich (Cockayne) : C. aquatica
is described by Vaillant pl. 32, Linnæus, and Smith ; was observed by Gussone in Sicily ; by Desfontaines,
in Algeria ; and is known to grow on the Azores and throughout middle and Northern Europe
as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in pools on
the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow on Caucasus (Ledeb.), in Abyssinia (R ich.), in Hindustan
even to within the Tropic (J. D. H ook.), throughout Siberia to the Yenisei (Pall.), Daouria
(Ledeb.), and Japan (Thunberg). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; and is
known to grow from the mouth of the Columbia and Eschscholtz Bay to Bear Lake and Lat. 66°, and
throughout Canada (Wats., and H ook.) to Arkansas (N u tt), Kentucky (Short), and our Atlantic
States as far as Carolina and Florida (Ell., and Chapm.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to
grow in Chili (C. Gay), on the Falkland Islands (D ’nrv.), Terra del Fuego, New Zealand, Campbell’s
Isle, Auckland’s Isle, Tasmannia, and Kerguelen (J. D. Hook., and A. Dec.).
Sanicula Europæa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain selfheal or
sanicle (Prior), in France “ sanicle” (N ugent),in Germany “ sanikel” (Grieb); the VVVdv m e r c e
of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 15 ancl 39. 2 — is identified with the “ sanicula” in a gloss in Lacnunga
(Cockayne) : the “ sanicle” is mentioned as curative in old proverbs, French and English ;
and the “ diapensiam ” of Ortus Sanitatis (edit. Lubec) is referred here by Sprengel : S. Europæa is
described by F. Columna phyt. pl. 16 ; is termed “ s. officinarum ” by Tournefort inst. 326, “ aslran-
tia diapensia” by Scopoli; is known to grow in woods in Carniolia, France, and throughout middle
Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 283, Crantz, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed
by Sibthorp on mount Athos.
Galium mollugo of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain whip-tongue,
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 6 3 7
fl nn -dlied species in Qotgraua harrewort (Br\or') ; the little h A r r e V V y r T that according to
T a V o S axo! leechbook i. 61 oftenest groweth in gardens and hath white flo w e rs,-m a y be com-
Y r c V V - t e g /ic r e s c r ib e d by Brunfefo (Spreng.) ; is termed “ g. album £ « £ £ W
? t • is kniw n to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan.
7 4 5 / s ’chraV Lam. fl“ fr., and P ers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constanti-
W a l i u m cruciatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia, f f ^ e d in B £ a in
CP he V V P A e ie of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook iii. i. 8 ,- a n d “ crossw ort” of ms. Bodl.
Y ö a ie ’ referred here by Cockayne; G. cruciatum is termed “ cruciabs ” by Hermolaus Barbarus
/ Vno-'i “ cruciata hirsuta” by Tournefort inst. 115 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; and is
k.7 n“te crow in France and throughout middle Europe (fl. Wett., Engl. bot. pl. 143, and P ers.).
^loiE, rini mOludl aE nvoe-rliissh o“f pEeuttryo pme ualnledi nt,h"e mad jmoiendiniegv aplo rLtiaotnin o“f vAesribaa. scuClualmle d■’ £(P i£ioYr)T inn 7TVu.Vkisshir “ ftaa7us
rCthiiarnk £ffalt£eeh^e^te^/(t e b tM . in which tee reocfo gZnEilzfer ict’sh eg loCsVsaSrLyy: pthpe^ “nh eorfb athme pAanrga loy-sSias”x oins nlereecnht.boonoekd
by telrmolaus Barbarus, Brunschwygk ii. 8, and Brunfels p. 190; £ fas t Í - t
p. 883, and Gerarde ; is termecl “ p. veris odorata flore luteo siinplici by lom nrfort 1 ^ --4 -
L n v Y t o o T O w ill France and throughout middle and Northern Europe ( f i . Dan. pl. 433, J a c q - , and
Pers ) Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus.
Its flowers according to Lindley “ make a pleasant soporific wine.” _
Scrophularia nodosa of Northern Climates. Called in B ú tá m fig y r t or
“ braunwmrz ” but by Brunfels and old writers “ brunnwurz” apparently from growing around biun-
nen o tem k ic fo u L in s (Prior), in which we recognize the bnVne VVyPT o foe £ £ £ -
leechbook i 38. 4 ,- a n d transl. Apul. 57: S. nodosa is descnbed by Gesner hoit. germ, t 2^4
(Spreno-.) ; 'is termed “ s. nodosa foetida” by Tournefort inst. 166 ; is known to § £ '0 '® £ £
tions frtem Italy and Spain throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (I ers., Colm
Bertoi., and Frtes). Eastward, Ivas observed bySibthorp in the Peloponnesus ;
mow about Caucasus and in Siberia (A . D ec.). Farther East, is known to grow in Oregon (Dougl
Scouler and Hook, fl.), and California (A. D ec.) ; was observed by E. James at the £ fo c r e '
Platte i’n the Rocky mountains; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, along the Arkansas; by Shoit, in ken-
tucTy ■ !y Percival, in Canada ; by Clayton 7. in Virginia (Linn. sp. pL); is known to occur foroi^gh-
out oilr Atlantic States (Pursh, E ll, and A. Gray) and “ from H onda to S /h er?
but so far as observed by myself having the aspect of an introduced plant, £ / £
roads cross streams According to Burnett, and Lindley, the leaves and roots are said to
rr/atitee a n r e ite te c ” and “ a decoction of the.leaves is used by farmers to cure the scab m
sw ile.” . “ S. Marylaédica” observed by Banister in Virginia (Ray suppl. 396), regaided as not
^ E l'ro p h u la ria aquatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included in £ " £ £ £
the name brownwort, called besides water-belony or bishops '® £® " ® f ^ Y™ !,"
understood as of a bishop’s see (Prior), but according to Burnett, from its roots eaten by the gain
son of Rochelle during foe siege in 1628 by cardinal Richelieu: possib y /® £ ,
Anglo-Saxon “ brune w yrt: ” - S. aquatica is termed “ s. aquatica major” by T®®’® /® » ® / ’
and is knovvn to grow in watery’places from Switzerland throughout mMdle Europe £ ®
mark (fl. Dan. p l 507, and P ers.). Farther East, was observed by S.bthorp_at the lake of Mcaea
in Greece. Its properties according to Lmdley “ much as in the last species. France
Euphrasia officinalis oi Northern Climates. Called m B n am (Prior)
“ eufi-aise” fNireent’) ■ the eA% V V V r T of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook 111. 30 — is referred here by
c S a ne : ^ . X S a i i s I s i ^ o V e d by B r u n s c h W , and W. Coles (fo-for) ; is termed officn
narum” by Tournefort inst. 174; is known to grow on the mountains of the Azores £® «'®
Spain, and from France throughout Northern Europe as far as North Cape in " " fr ® / £
Islands, and Iceland (Hook., Wats., Wahl, Boiss., and Trevel.). Eastward, was °£ er v e y
thorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and the Bithynian Olympus : m known to g,ro\v a r t on
Taurus (B ieb.), in Cabul, Cashmere, and on the Himalaya mountains (A. Dec., and Lmdl.), and m