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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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«498 B. C.” = “ 2d year of the Ionian w a r ” (Herodot., and Clint.). Cyprus recovered by the
' ’U i t o , about this y e a r ” ( . . • Sm. b. d.), Amyntas succeeded by his son Alexander, now tenth
king of Macedonia. T i r o “ sonchos n i g e r ” regarded by Cleemporus
lo n c h n s asper of Europe and Northern Asm. 44), may be ¿ompared : as
as unfit for food, - b u t U s having prickly leaves, and by Dioscorides
also the “ so gh o s ” d e s e r ted by é ^ not been observed in Greece by modern
as “ agrióthéstéron” and more pncldy . S. ^ Westward the “ sóohós trahus is
travelfers, but may have b e e n coMounded and o v e r d u e *
identified in Syn. Diosc. 0 th 0 ® ‘‘ f and is k lw n to g r / v in U s t e and cultivated
Numidians; S. aspera is described by , Eastward from Greece, is known to grow
ground nearly to the Arctic regiro J " / ’J " ' (Ledeb.), and was obtained by Wallich 362 in
along the Altaian mountains aiM as far as . ( ^ Northeast America, where it was
Hindustan (herb. Dec.). By Eroopean /arehes from Lat. 4°-“ 3° ' to 38° in
+ ; . < r s : + i Z Z Z P A z z Z T Z g Z c N . . - » » » • »
« y 7 onth m the 2 5 * year of Khing-wang”
I s “ s i m o : i S r i í ^ ; c 0 P 0 i 0
The following forms of letters termed S.monidean, M, as eariy po y
(See Fran0 ^ ^ Caeliomontanus and T. Veturius Geminus
instituted. ^ (Herodot. vi. 21, and Clint.), naval combat
in his second ode in point of time. . p g i^ ly “ sughero ”
Quercus suber of the West Mediterranean corotnes T 0 / ! , ,3 ) . £ wfoch we
or “ sU e ro ” or “ suvero ” (Lenz), in Greece to g r t^ r w r t p. 107,
recognize the ‘1-E ^ ^ 0 S of I mdar pytfr „ p U xvi. 13 sometimes imported into Greece:
S ® 2 i : ^ i i b 5l t a r ^ m s o m «
S r n t “ ”t : l t i l e d by Vitruvi^^ « ^ 0 0 ^ ^ * t
S U e i b S U l £ : r r e r c h f d ° E g ; « at an 'e a r/p e r io d ; and mainly tbrougb European colonists,
has become scattered almost universally orer the Globe. proceeding under Mardonius
,B H o + rs r£ + .'r+ fV £ s :;^
In Greece “ rathiki ” or J ’ ” Jiis. P a r / / “ Inn b tsh ér” (Edw.) or
(Forsk.) or “ cichorium /^ bn .), m E ^ j recognize the “ cichorium” used for
roann5tshér” (Kirch ) o r “ a0 0 (S n .« o r o .+ y , ,3 ,
anointing by the M ^ ian s and called + n '® U Nicander alex. 429, identified by Dioscorides
I s e l e l ’/ S ib th o r p ,l lu b a r d , and Fraas. around
cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and
Delile, a weed in Egypt and sometimes cultivated (A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also around Caucasus
and in the Talusch country (Ledeb.). Westward, the “ cichorium ” of Egypt is identified by Pliny
with the “ erraticum intubum,” in Syn. Diosc. with the “ intuvöum agrëstëm” o f the Romans; the
“ cichoreum” is mentioned by Horace i. 31. 17, and the “ intybum” by Columella x. i n , and
Palladius : C. intybus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 1007 ; is termed “ c. sylvestre sive officinarum ”
by Tournefort inst. 479 ; is known to occur in fallow ground and along roadsides from Italy nearly
to Lapland (fl. Dan. pl. 607, Pers., and A. Dec.). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to grow as far
as Lake Baikal (Ledeb.) ; was observed by Bunge in gardens and waste ground around Pekin, but
reo-arded there as exotic ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, abundantly cultivated as an esculent in
Japan and called “ kio,” or usually “ tsisa.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it has become naturalized, occurring especially along New England roadsides. The
root, besides being used medicinally, is according to Lindley (A. D. 1838) “ extensively cultivated,
especially in France, as a substitute for coffee.”
Cichorium endivia of Hindustan. Called in English gardens endive, in Spain “ endivia ” (Prior),
in Germany “ endivie,” in Italy “ endivia ” or “ e. maggiore” (Lenz), in Greece “ ëmëra rathikia ”
(Fraas) or “ rathiké,” or by the Turks “ hiddiba,” in Egypt “ hendibe ” (Forsk.), in Egyptian “ saris ”
(Akerblad) or “ serin ” — (Plin.) ; in which we recognize the “ sëritha” of Epicharmus, and “ sëris
këpëutës ” cultivated as an esculent according to Dioscorides : C. endivia was observed by Forskal,
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Cyprus, cultivated
and seemingly wild, its leaves eaten 'as a substitute for lettuce ; by Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation
in Egypt. Westward, the “ se r in ” of the Egyptians is identified by Pliny xix. 39 to xx. 29
with the “ cichorium sativum ” or cultivated “ intubum ; ” the herb called “ seris ” is mentioned by
Varrò iii. 10. S ; “ amaris intuba fibris,” by Virgil geor. iv. 120 ; and the “ së r in ” of the Greeks a
kind of “ intubi,” by Columella viii. 14. 2: C. endivia is described by Dodoens pempt. 634, and
Bauhin hist. ii. p. 1007; is termed “ c. latifolium sive endivia vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. 47g ;
was observed by F'orskal seemingly wild near Marseilles ; and is known to be cultivated from Italy
throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pl. 378, and Mill.). Eastward from Egypt, is
called in Hindustanee “ hindaba” or “ k a sn i” (D ’ roz.), in Tamil “ kashi ” (Pidd .); was observed
by Law, and Graham ; “ in gardens ” from Surat to Bombay ; is known to grow wild from Patna and
Kamaon to Nepaul (Hamilt., Wall., and Dec.), and a species perhaps identical was observed by
myself dearly indigenous on the Deccan. Farther East, is cultivated in Northern China (Lour.,
Staunt., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg around Jedo in Japan, esculent and ca
tsisa.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues un
tion in our Middle States.
Antirrhinum orontium of the Mediterranean countries. The calves-snout is called in France
“ mufflier rubicond ” (F é e ); in which we recognize the “ antirrhinön ” regarded by the Magians as
cosmetic and to be worn as an amulet — (Plin. xxv. 80), mentioned also by Hippocrates, by Theophrastus
ix. 19. 2 as rootlets (annual) and having fruit like the nostrils of a calf, referred here by
Matthioli and others: the “ anarrhinön ” is mentioned also by Nicander fr. 13, Dioscorides, and is
identified in the added Synonyms with the “ anarrinön” or “ luhnitha agrian,” by Galen with the
“ vöukraniön : ” A. orontium was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground in Greece
and on the Greek islands. Westward, the “ antirrhinon ” or “ anarriiinon ” or “ lychnis a g ria ” is
described by Pliny as resembling flax : A. orontium according to Euricius Cordus has fmit like the
head of a calf “ tam exquisita similitudine ut etiam os et nares appareant” (Spreng., and Prior) ; is
termed “ a. arvense majus ” by Tournefort inst. 168; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near
Marseilles ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground in Sicily, Algeria, and throughout
middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Guss., Munby, and A. Dec.).
Antirrhinum majus of tlte Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain snap-dragon (Prior), in
France “ grand mufflier” (Fée), in Germany “ grosses lowenmaul,” in Italy “ bocca di leone” or
“ antirrino ” (Lenz), in Greece “ agria phöusköuni ” (Fraas) ; and possibly the “ autirrinon’ ’ of the
Magians; — clearly the flower having a lion’s mouth mentioned by Columella x. 98 : A. majus was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus
to Constantinople. Westward, is termed “ a. vulgare ” by Tournefort inst. 168; was observed by
Lenz in Italy ; by Forskal, on Malta and near Marseilles ; and escaping from gardens has become
naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Fries) ; in Britain, was known to Gerarde
p. 439 only in gardens, is not included among spontaneously-growing plants by Ray and Dillenius,
but in 177S was found by Hudson completely naturalized, occurring even on cliffs (Bab., and
A. Dec.).
491 B. C. = “ 31st year of Darius,” birth of an Apis or .sacred bull — (Birch).
“ April 25th, Wednesday, ten hours and forty minutes after mid-day ” (as reduced by Ptolemy to
33
called “ fanna
under cultiva-
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