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3 6 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
in meads and swamps throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Curt lond vi
pl. 56) .
Cirsium rivulare of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle called in Greece “ nërôaakathi ”
(Sibth.) ; and the AKAN0 A:KEANQNOC extending itself by sending up shoots from its root,
mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 10. 6 among plants growing around the Orchomenian lake, — may
be compared : C. rivulare was observed by Sibthorp frequent in watery situations in the Peloponnesus.
Westward, is described by Pluckenet phyt. pl. 154; was observed by Jacquin austr. pl. 91
m Pannonia ; by Allioni, and Villars, in Piedmont and Southern France (Pers., and Steud.).
Cirsium. arvense of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Sweden “ korntistel ” or “ akertistel ”
or “ go rtis te l” or “ skrof-tistel ” (Linn.), in Greece “ nërôagkathi ” (Sibth.); and the “ akantha
këanônos ” — is referred here by Columna : the “ segnisque horreret in arvis carduus ” of Virgil
seems also referred here by C. Bauhin: C. arvense is termed “ ceonanthos Theophrasti ” by Colunma
ecphr. pl. 45, “ carduus in avena proveniens ” by C. Bauhin pin. 377, “ cirsium arvense sonclii foiio
radice repente flore purpurascente ” by Tournefort inst. 448, “ serratula arvensis ” by Linnæus, and
IS known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. vi. pl. S7, Pers., and W a ts ) ■ was
observed by Linnæus in Sweden; by Scopoli, in Carniolia; by Sibthorp, on mount Ath os ; by
Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains ; and by Pallas, as far as 49° on the Yaic. Westward,
by Plooker on Iceland (probably, as farther South, brought by European colonists); is known to '
occur on Newfoundland and throughout Canada as far as the Saskatchewan (Hook., and A Dec )
and spreading thence into our Northern States has received the name of Canada thistle; was observed
by myself abounding along the Lower St Lawrence, and a frequent weed as far as the outskirts of
Philadelphia, but has disappeared from the last-named locality, and I have not heard of its occurrina
fai-ther South.
Cirsium tuberosum of middle Europe. The AKAN0 A:BACIAIKH enumerated by Theo-
phrastus caus. i. lo. 5 as P i 2 0 KEí>AAA tuberous-rooted, — maybe compared: C. tuberosum has
not been observed by modern travellers in Greece ; but was found by Anguillara 147 in Tuscany ;
IS descnbed also by Lobel pl. 10; is termed “ carduus pratensis asphodeli radice fob tenuiter incisis”
by C. Bauhin pin. 377 ; and is known to grow in Germany and France.
Cirsium Syriacum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agrioagkathi ” or
“ koiiphagkatho ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ chouk ” thorn (Del.) or “ lælah ” (F o r sk .) ; and pos.sibly
the “ agriagkathon” identified by Skarlatos with the n O A Y A K A N 0 O C o f Theophrastus vi. 4. 3:
— C. Syriacum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grain-fields from the
Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus ; by Forskal, and Delile, about Cairo ; is
known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, is termed “ c. albis maculis notatus flore purpureo ”
by Tournefort inst. 450; was observed by Forskal on Malta; and according to Persoon grows also
in Barbary and Spain. (See C. acarna).
Echinops Graecus of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of globe thistle called in
Greece “ këphalagkatha ” or “ hônthrôkëirhala ” (Fraa s); and the PY TPOCo f Theophrastus vi. 4.
4, pnckly-leaved and branching towards the summit, — is referred here by Fraas : E. Graecus is
termed “ echinopus graecus tenuissime divisus et lanuginosus capite minore cæruleo ” by Tournefort
cor. 34, “ e. lanuginosus” by Lamarck enc.; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent on
barren hills in Attica.
Stoehclina dnbia of the Mediterranean countries. The O N O r i Y Z O C enumerated among thistle-
headed thorny-leaved plants by Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — may be compared : S. dubia was observed
by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). Westward, the account of the “ onopyxos ” by Pliny xxi.
56 seems taken from Theophrastus : S. dubia is described by Barrelier pl. 406 ; and is known to
grow in Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Pers.).
Centaurea centauroides of the East Mediterranean countries. A yellow-flowered species called
in Greece “ saitaggatho ” (F o rsk .); and the KENTAYPIAI having red juice according to Theophrastus
ix. I . I , called “ triorchis” from being defended by the buzzard — (quoted by Piiny xxv.
32), and difficult to cut without wounding one’s self, is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C.
centauroides is described by Columna ecph. pl. 35 ; is termed “ carduus centaurii majoris facte flore
luteo capitulo longis aculéis munitis ” by Tournefort cor. 3 1 ; and was observed by Forskal, and
Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
Centaurea spinosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Full of spinescent branches, and
called in Greece “ iala stuvia,” or by the Turks “ djevann ” (F o r sk .) ; and the HANTAAOYCA
enumerated by rheophrastus vi. 5. i among plants having spines separate from the leaves, — may
be compa-red: C. spinosa is described by Alpinus e xo t.p l. 162; is termed “ jacea cretica aculeata
incana” by Tournefort inst. 445; was observed by Forskal p. 217, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the
sand of the seashore and other arid situations from Crete and Athens to Tenedos and Asia Minor,
and on account of its defensive spines placed in garden-hedges.
Tragopogón crocifolius of the Mediterranean countries. Tlie T P A r O f i a m N by some called
KO M H N, having according to Theophrastus vii. 7. i a long sweet root, short stem, crocus-like leaves,
and a large calyx filled with hoary pappus, — an account repeated by Dioscorides, is referred here
by Sprengel : the “ tragôpôgôn ” is enumerated by Nicander fr. as coronary; and the “ kom e ” of
Gafeki, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer: T. crocifolius was observed by
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the “ tragopogón
foliis croco simillimis” enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt, seems the
same described in xxvii. 117 as growing in rugged places and “ sine usu ” useless : T. crocifolius is
described by Columna ecphr. i. pl. 230; is termed “ t. purpuro-cæruleum crocifolium” by Tournefort
inst. 477 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in Southern France (Pers.), and according
to Sprengel the root is edible. (See T . porrifolius).
Rhagadiolus stellatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ ragaggiolo” (Caesalp.),
in Greece “ sphalaggôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.); in which we recognize the C fl AAAZ of Theophrastus i. 6.
I [ : — R. stellatus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Peloponnesus
to Cyprus. Westward, the “ aspalax” is enumerated by Pliny xix. 31 among plants growing wild
and having roots more numerous than the leaves : R. stellatus is described by Caesalpinus xiii.
10; is termed “ rh. a lte r” by Tournefort inst 480; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern
France (Pe rs.). “ R. edulis,” termed “ rli. lampsanæ fo liis ” by Tournefort cor. 36, observed by
Sibthorp on Cyprus, and known to grow from Carniolia to Portugal (Pers.), is regarded by Gerard,
and Bory, as not distinct.
Prenanthes chondrilloides of the East Mediterranean countries and mountains of Yemen. Called
in Yemen “ kat er ræ jan” (Forsk.); and the Y fl 0 X01 PIC of Theophrastus vii. 7. i to i t . 4, a
spontaneously-growing potherb, smooth, sweet, and H M EPQTEPA having the aspect of cultivation,
— may be compared : P. chondrilloides has not been observed in Greece by modern travellers; but
is known to grow as far as Carniolia and -Italy (Arduin. ii. pi. 7, Scop., and Pers.). Farther South,
the “ hypochoeris ” is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt: P. chondrilloides
was observed by Forskal p. 144 on mountains about Kurma in Yemen, and eaten crude.
Prenanthes muralis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall-lettuce
(Prior), in Greece “ thrithax ” (Sibth.) ; and the 0 PIAAKINHC : f l lKPACof Theophrastus ix. 11.
I t— maybe compared; P. muralis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in shaded
stony situations from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward,
the “ hare’s lettuce ” of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apuleius 1 14, distinguished from the “ sow thystyll ”
in gloss. Sloane 13S, is referred here by Cockayne : P. muralis is termed “ chondrilla sonchi folio
flore luteo-p:rllescente ” by Tournefort inst. 475 ; and is known to grow along walls and in shaded
places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 509, and Pers.).
Hieracium bulbosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ hëlônôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.) ;
and the f l EPAI KlONo f Theophrastus i. 6. 11, pulled up by partridges and having large fleshy
roots more numerous than the leaves, — may be compared: H. bulbosum was observed by Sibtliorp
in the Peloponnesus and on Zacynthus ; by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, is termed
“ dens leonis tuberosa radice ” by Tournefort inst. 468 ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Italy, and
as far as Montpellier (Pers.).
Lapsana communis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain nipple-wort
from its use in cases of sore nipple (Prior) ; and the KPHf l lC of Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, having
stem leaves only, — may be compared : L. communis was observed by Sibtliorp, and Cliaubard, from
the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. Westward, the account of the “ crepis ” by Pliny xxi. 59 seems
taken from Theophrastus : L. communis is described by Tournefort inst. 479 ; was observed by
Scopoli 9S8 in Carniolia ; and is knovvn to occur in cultivated ground as far as Denmark (fl Dan. pl.
500, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by
myself in cultivated ground near Quebec, and “ in 1843” made its appearance as far South as Boston
(Ton-, and Gray, and A. Dec.).
Hyoseris lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. The AflAn H enumerated among potherbs
by Theophrastus vi. 4. 8 to vii. 11. 4, its leaves spreading on the ground, flower yellow and in growing
old E Kfl An n 0 YT A I, flowering with the first showers after the equinox and new flowers successively
making tlieir appearance throughout the winter and spring until the ensuing summer, — may be compared:
the account of tlie “ aequinoctio nascens aphace ” by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theophrastus,
with the addition that it is one of the esculent plants of E g yp t: the Hyoseris tribe
according to Persoon liave “ sem. marginalia saepius cal. squamis involuta pappo subobsoleto ; ”
H. lucida is described by Linnæus; is termed “ lapsana taraxacoides ” by For.skal p. 145; was
observed by liim, and Delile, near Alexandria; and by Bory and Chaubard in the Peloponnesus.
Apargia hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The API A P TIA enumerated by
Iheophrastus vii. 8. 3 among plants having radical leaves only, — may be compared. A . hirta was
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