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4 3 2 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
« +■ Eastern Equatorial Africa. A grass five feet high (Grant); and the
pliloun abundantly produced according to Artemidorus by a river on the African side of the
entrance to the Red S e a— (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), m aybe compared: Saccharum? sp. was observed
/ / ) ' ‘ Equator to 2'’ N .” on the Nile, used by the Uganda and Unyoro for thatch (no
Rennisdum BeiUhami oi Equatorial Africa. A reed ten feet high, called “ maweengo-weengo ”
(Grant) ; and possibly the “ phloun ” in question : — P. Benthami was observed by Grant “ by water
Equator to 3 N etc.,” used in Uganda for fences and walls of houses, and slips as knives to cut
meat. Recetyed from Africa, and described by Steudel.
T h o rive r p o y is e of the Ganges, Delphinus Gangeticus, mentioned by Artemidorus (Strab
XV. 1. 72) : also, tlie presence there of crocodiles (the slender-beaked species, C. Gang. .?).
by th‘e RomE.a nC .a”r m( Lyi vu.n, dBelra iMr, aarniuds .C lint.), the Teutones defeated at Aquæ Sextiae (aTx in Provence)^
Descnptions of plants by Cratevas, Dionysius, and Metrodorus, were accompanied by figures
(1 Jm. XXV. 4). Plants of late painted nëographa ” are mentioned by Meleager cor. i. ; +
Corydahs tuberosa of Europe. The mithridatiam ” named after Mithridates by Cratevas its
0 t giving oiR two “ acantho’-’-like leaves and between them a stem bearing “ roseum florem ” —
( m. . X X V 26), m aybe compared; C. tuberosa is described by Cæsalpinus vi. 7 5 ; has two leaves
and a simple stem and purple flowers (Spreng., and Lindl.), and is known to grow in shady woods
m i ranee (Dec. fl. (r. iv. p. 627, and Pers.). The root according to Lindley is “ hollow ” also “ very
bitter and rather acrid,” and with that of the next species constitutes the “ radix aristolochiæ ” of the
sh o p / principally employed as an external application to indolent tumours.”
Corydalis fabacea of middle and Northern Europe. Sold with the preceding under llie name
radix an stolod iiæ ” (Lmdl.), and perhaps the “ aristôlôhia” prescribed against gout by Cratevas
,, further described in the addition to Diosc. iii. 4 and identified witli the “ arariza ” or
nië ëkaproum or “ ëphëst.ôs ” or “ léstitis ” or “ puxionux ” or “ tharthanos” or “ iôn titis” of the
Greeks, and “ söin lis” of the Dardanians. Farther South, with the “ sôphôëph” of the Egyptians
0 stw art with the rustic “ apsinthion” of the Dacians, “ thëxim ôn” of the Gauls, “ hamaimëlôn”
o tie Sicilians and “ tërrai m ala” of the Italians: the external application of “ pistolochiam” root
wa,s prescribed against gout by Celsus. and the “ plistolochia ” is distinguished from the “ aristo-
ochia by Phny xx. 14 and xxv. 55 and 90 : C. fabacea is termed “ pistolochia intermedia ” by Bern-
lar 1 ; is descrfoed also by Retz, and Ehrhart ; and is known to grow in shady mountainous situations
m Uermany and other parts of middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan, pl. 1394, Pers,, and Wahl )
rTahthe erro aoct raidcc.”o rding to Lindley is “ solid,” but like that of the preceding species “ ver^y bitter and
V y X y y ° i middle Asia. Called in Greece “ agria paparöuna” (Fraas): the “ argë-
7 ° + , . ,° Crateva.s, — and Dioscorides, resembling “ agria mêkônl,” but the leaves multifid “ anëln-
öne dike the flower scarlet, capsule longer tlian in “ mcköni roiathi ” and enlarged at the summit
and the plant or root exuding a yellowish acrid juice, is referred here by writers : P. argemone was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from tlie Peloponnesus to the Greek
islands ; by Bieberstein, in the seaside sand of the Crimea. Westward, the “ argëmônë ” or “ ôinônë ”
or ‘0 thëmis ” or “ anthös pëthinôn” field flower or “ öm önöia” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with
the korna” of the Gauls, and “ livornia” or “ kögkörthialis ” or “ përgalia” of the Romans: the
argemonia” is described by Pliny xxv. 56, and as occurring in cultivated ground in Ita ly P
argemone was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde (W ats., and A. D ec.); is termed “ p.
erraticum capite oblongo h ispido” by Tournefort inst. 238; and is known to occur in grain-
fPieelrdss.) . and sandy soil in Southern and middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl, Dan pl 867 ’ and
Nasturtium armoracia of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain horseradish (Prior), in Germany
meerrettig” (Grieb), in Russian “ chren” (Moritzi), in old P'rench “ moutarde des A llem ands” and
III current French “ cran” or “ cranson ” (A. Dec.), in Italy “ arinoraccio ” or “ rafano rusticano ”
(Lenz), by the Greeks of Constantinople “ kranös ” (Fraas), in wliich we recognize the kind of
© A A C D I called Fl fi PC I KO N : C I N H D I described by Cratevas as having broad leaves and a »reat
root which is mixed in washes for sciatica — (Diosc. ii. 185) : the account is copied by Pliny x"xvii.
113: N. armoracia was ob.served by Pallas trav. i. 308 on tlie Lower Volga; by Belon, at Constantinople,
by Grisebach, seemingly wild in European Turkey; i.s known to grow wild from Finland
to Astrakhan and the Desert of Cuman (Lecleln, and A. D ec.). Westward, is regarded by A. D ecandolle
as introduced into Britain prior perhaps to the visits of Romans ; is described by Petrus
Placentitis, Fuclisius 660, Matthioli, and T. Johnson, and is known to occur cultivated and naturalized
in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Norway and Sweden (Pers,, Fries, and Lenz).
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation and
has become naturalized, occurring in wild situations in New England. The root according to Lindley
“ is stimulant, diaplioretic, and diuretic, and externally rubefacient : it is used in paralysis, rheumatism,
dropsy, and some cutaneous affections.”
Vsrbena offidnalis of the Galapagos Islands and neighbouring continental America. Called in
Britain vervain or pigeon's grass (W . Coles, and Prior), in Sweden “ jernort,” in Germany “ eisen-
kraut” (Spreng.), in France “ verveine” (Nugent), in Italy “ berbena” (Targ.), in Greece “ staurô-
vôtani” (Sibth.) or “ agria hamanthrua ” (Fraas), in Japan “ komatsutsura ” or babinso” (Thunb.);
and t h e n e P I CT e P i UUNOC of Cratevas, its leaves divided in such a manner as to resemble a
dove’s foot — (schol. Nicand. ther. v. 860) may be compared : V. officinalis is figured in the illustrated
ms. Diosc. at Vienna, also in Ort. Sanitat. pl. 486 ; is described by Braunsweig dist. f. 102,
Brunfels, Fuchsius 593, Belon, Matthioli, Lobel; is termed “ v. communis cæruleo flore” by Tournefort
inst. 200 ; is known to occur in waste places from Sweden to Italy, Algeria, and the Canary
Islands (fl. Dan. pl. 628, Pers., and Fries) ; wa.s observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraa.s, frequent around villages from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ;
by Delile, and niyself, in Egypt; is known to occur in Abyssinia (A . D ec.), around Caucasus
Spain ” was seen by
indigenous, may have been carried Northward by the aboriginal tribes, remaining sparingly along
“ roadsides” in our Atlantic States (A. Gray, and Chapm.); was observed by Beechey in Mexico; by
J. D. Hooker, on the Galapagos Islands; by A. Saint-Hilaire, in the outskirts of inland towns in
Southern Brazil, and is known to occur as far as Buenos Ayres (Schauer). Clearly by European
colonists, was carried to the Cape Verd Islands, Austral Africa, and Australia (A. D ec.; see V.
supina, Prasium majns, and Sisymbrium officinale).
Lithospermnm callosum of tlie Egyptian Desert. A bristly-leaved hoary plant called in Egypt
“ halaniæ” (F orsk.); and the Egyptian eACNION of Cratevas, growing on hillocks and in places
near the sea, its branches a cubit long thrown out upon the ground, leaves like those of the lentil,
root as thick as the little finger and attenuated downwards (clearly a Desert plant), may be compared
: L. callosum is termed “ echium ægyptium asperius incano fo lio ” by Lippi, “ 1. niveum ” by
Poiret ; is described by D elile as branching from the base so as to form rounded tufts a foot to a
foot and a half in diameter; was observed by him, Lippi, and Forskal p. 39, on sand-hills near the
sea at Aboukir and Rosetta, also around the Pyramids and in other parts of the D esert about Cairo.
(See Thymus incanus).
Echinops sphcerocephalns of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens globe thistle
(Prior) ; ancl the KP0 K0 A6 IA I0 N resembling according to Cratevas MEAANI : XAMAIA6 0 NTI,
its long acrid root having an odour like K A P A AMUJ, — an account repeated by Dioscorides, is referred
here by Lobel: E. sphærocephalus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus
frequent in Greece, the leaves in the wild plant more deeply incised. Westward, the account of tlie
“ crocodilion ” by Pliny xxvii. 41 seems taken from the Greek : E. sphærocephalus is described by
Lobel adv. 363 and obs. 481 (Spreng.); is termed “ echinopus major” by Tournefort inst. 4 6 3 ;
and is known to occur in waste ground as far as France (Lam fl. fr., and Pers.).
Gnaphalium sanguiueuni of the East Mediterranean countries. The ACA PON of Cratevas —
is referred here liy Anguillara 27 (Spreng.) : G. sanguineum was observed by Rauwolf in Syria ; is
described also Iry Barrelier pl. 34; and was received by Linnæus from Egypt.
Camphorosma Monspeliaca of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called by the
Kirghis “ jouschanu” (P all.): the third kind of “ alimón ” having according to Cratevas its leaves
longer and “ liirsutioribus,” with the odour of cypress “ cupressi,” and used medicinally — (Plin. xxii.
33), may be compared ; C. Monspeliaca i.s termed “ chainaepetice ” by Anguillara p. 202 (Spreng.) ; is
described also by Bu.xbaum i. pl. 28 ; is known to grow in Spain and Southern. France ; was observed
by Gittard in the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas trav. i. 600, on tlie Yaik, supplying feed for cattle in
winter. ,
Fucus p alm dta of European seas. The e e PHDI AION of Cratevas, growing on shells and
rocks in the sea, — is referred here by Anguillara 171 (Spreng.).
tot B. C. ( = 543 — “ 441 y. 9 mo. 10 days ” in the Mahavamsa xxxiii.), Callona succeeded by
his brother Walakan-ablia, now king of C eylon.— He caused “ the three precepts of the doctrine
Trepitteka” to be committed to writing, and reigned “ twelve years and five months.”
One hundred and twenty-sixth generation. B, C. too, Jan. ist, mostly beyond youth; the Greek
poets, Licinius Archias ; the philosopliers, Zenon the Epicurean, Diotimus the Stoic, and Pliilon of
Larissa; the astronomer Geminus ; the mathematician Theodosius of Tripoli ; the historians, A lexander
Polyhistor, and Apollodorus of Artemita ; the geographer Scymnus of Chios ; the grammarian
I
b.J.