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763 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
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Chapman, in “ sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina,” its palm-like trunk “ four to eight
feet hi»h.” Transported to England, its introduction is recorded by Gerarde ; the plaM is desmibed
also b? Parkinson, C. Commelyn, and Dillenius elth. pl. 324 ; obsMved by Cbt-Bey in Egypt,
under cultivation by European residents ; and has recently been mtroduced mto Hmdustan (Lush,
h u ld r ia r (==“ Jan. 8th, 1305 —2d— 11 years ” in litt., Yule cath. 197), arrival at Pekin of
the first Catholic missionary, John of Montecorvino. He was treated with £em respret built
churches, and remained until his death in 1328 (= “ 1336 - S years m htt emb. Chm., Yule 314).
' “ Towards the close of the Thirteenth century” (Pouchet), the earliest treatise on hunting
issued. — The “ Livre du roi Modus ” followed, written in the first part of the Fourteenth century.
“ 1294, March 9Ü1 ” (Nicol.), a synod at Saumur. A statute. Prohibiting “ the imposition of
necuniary penalties in confession.” i x*
“ lulv ffh” (Alst., and Nicol.), Nicolaus IV- succeeded by Peter de Morone or Celestmus V. :
who, abdicating and retiring into a monastery, was sncceeded£ Dec. 24th ” by cardinal Benedict
Gaetano, now Bonifacius V II I., thirty-seventh pope. Adolphus of Nassau ruling Germany and Italy,
and Tohn Bifliol, Scotland. r , t i i j *
“ In this year (= 693 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Ala-u-din, nephew of sultan Jelal-u-din, proceedin
» Southward with an army “ about seven hundred miles ” unexpectedly fell upon Deogin
(Dowktabad), defeated the Mahratta king Ramdeo, and compelled a ransom and cession of tern-
^ From China returning by sea, Marco Polo i66 visited “ Cianba ” (Tsiompa) ; and Java, where
the Muslims had introduced their religion. He also speaks ofthe Greater Java (Suiretra.), regaice
bv mariners as “ the largest island” in the world ; of “ Necuveran ” (Nicobar Island) where the
people go naked and have no king; of “ Angaman ” (Andaman Islands) ; and of the Canaines
which is spread over Ava” (the earliest historical notice of the Karens, according to Mason m beng.
""on ffiadiin» “ Sedan ” (Ceylon), Marco Polo 178 found “ Adam’s Peak ” of the Saracens called
“ the monument“of Sergamon Borcam ” by the Idolaters. In Hindustan, he saw peacocks “ d.’autre
faison qe ne sunt les nôtres” {Favo cristatus) : and ascertained. That ships from anna came to
“ Melibar • ” and merchandise was carried thence Westward to Alexandria (1. c. 157, 183).
On Arab authority, the home of the legendary bird “ rue” is placed by Marco Polo 191 on
“ Madei»ascar” (evidence, that the fossil gigantic bird-eggs occurring there were already Miown).
This island and “ Zanghibar ” were the principal seat of the trade in elephants' teeth (brought of couise
from Interior Africa). The people of the former island were Muslim, and of the latter, all Idolateis
(a statement which seems to imply, that the Arabs had not as yet occupied Zanzibar). - Continuing
his return Westward, Marco Polo reached Europe in “ 1295.”
“ The same year ” (Yule cath. i. 87), date of an inscription on Java by Uttungadewa, claiming to
be sovereign over the whole island, having subjected “ five kings.” About this time an envoy from
Khoubilai demanding homage and tribute insulted and sent back : —an avenging expedition by le
Chinese was repelled (Yule, and Odoric 21). „
“ 1295 A. D. = ‘ youan-tching,’ ist year of” Timour-Khan or “ Tching-tsoung, of the Youan or
Tw enty-second d y n asty— (Chinese chron. table). ..................
“ July 19th (= 595, Ramzan 17” of Ferisht., Elph.), Jelal-u-din succeeded by his nephew Ala-u-
lin, now twelfth sultan of Delhi. — One of his maxims was, That religion has no connection with
civil government. . „
“ The same year ” ( rudim. chron. Lond.), letters o f marque first granted to privateers. By
Edward king of England, against the Portuguese. .
1-796 A D (= -‘ 1221 an. jav.,” Raffles x.), in Java, Raden Tanduran son of Munding Wangi ana
lawful heir finding himself excluded from -the government, left New Pajajaran and proceeding Eastward
founded Majapahit. Here he was joined by adherents enough to establish a rival kingdom,
md war ensued with his half-brother Chiong Wanara.
“ In this year” (Lubke and Lutrow), the cathedral at Florence commenced.
“ In this year” (transl. in me!. Remus, iii. 102), visit of a Chinese official to Tchin-la or Cambodia.*
Lie found there men versed in astronomy, who predicted eclipses both of the sun and moon,
* Nageia Japónica of Japan. Called there “ yamamomo,” and furnishing perhaps the wooden
combs enumerated by the Chinese official as imported into Cambodia from China: —its wood iiseü
in Japan for making these implements (Tiiumb. trav.) ; and its bark, in the process of dyeing (Jap.
centen comm. 31 and 80) : N. J.nponica is described also by Kaempfer amoen. v. pl. 874.
Cymbidium striatum of Japan. The “ jonc appelé lan ” enumerated by the Chinese official as
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 763
but by a different method from the Chinese. Of three religions, Budhism was the most flourishing ;
the other two are described as peculiar. The natives did not bury tlieir dead, but exposed them to
beasts and birds of prey ; the custom of burning the dead being confined to the descendants of Chinese
emigrants. -
Soja hispida of Japan. Enumerated by the Chinese official 141 as unknown in Cambodia : —
“miso” beans are mentioned in 1444 in the annals of the Japanese emperors (transl. Tits, and Klaproth)
; were observed by Kaempfer v, 837, and Thunberg, under frequent cultivation near Nagasaki
and elsewhere ; are known to be made into the condiment called “ sola” (Pers.) in English soy;
also into a white porridge in general use among the Chinese and called by them “ teu hu” or “ tauhu”
(Loureir.). Westward, S. hispida was observed by Mason in Burmah ; by Roxburgh, and Graham,
in the gardens of Hindustan. Transported to Europe, is described by Jacquin rar. pl. 145.
Garcinia elliptica of the Siamese countries. One of the two trees yielding gamboge and called
in Burmah “ tha-nat-dau ” (Mason) : the “ kiang-hoang” resin found according to the Chinese official
among trees in Cambodia — is referred by Remu.sat to the “ hoang-kiang ” or gamboge: the “ ossa-
reh-rewimd ” rhubarb-juice of Persian medical writers, is also referred here by Royle: G. elliptica,
described by Wallich, is regarded by Mason as probably a species growing South of the, Tavoy river
in Burmah and ascertained by him to yield gamboge. In Europe, gamboge was first made knOwn by
Clusius, who “ in 1603 ” received specimens by the way of Amsterdam from China (Pereir.): its use
as a pigment and medicine has since become general, and specimens were seen by Rouyer in the
drug-shops of Egypt.
Urtica {Boehmeria) nivea of Subtropical China and Japan. China-grass or nettle-henip is called
in Bengal “ kunkhoora,” ill Assam “ rheea ” (Royle), in Burmah “ gwon ” (Mason), and in Malay
“ ramee” ( . . . . ) : the “ tchu ” was unknown in Cambodia when visited by the Chinese official;
— the “ tchou-ma ” of the Imperial treatise 011 Agriculture Ixxviii. 3 is referred here by Stanislas
Julien, is mentioned also in the Nong-tching-tsiouen-chou general treatise on Agriculture : B. nivea
is described by Rumphius v. pl. 79; was observed by Loureiro in Anam and China, often cultivated ;
unknown in Cambodia, — is referred here by Remusat. _ C. striatum was observed by Thunberg pl. 9
in Japan.
Nephelinm litclii of Cambodia and the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo “ alpai ” or “ alipai ”
or “ ahipai” or “ lechias” (Blanco) ; and the “ li-tchi ” fruit of Cambodia was found by the Chinese
official agreeing in shape with that of China but sour : — the “ plums ” met with on the Philippines by
Mendoza are referred to the li-tchi by Navarrete, who found trees wild on the Batam mountains near
Manila, the fruit inferior to that produced in China, where it is accounted “ queen of fruits;” N.
litchi was observed by Blanco wild on the Philippines, and a variety resembling that of Cliina growing
on mountains ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Nieuhoff, Osbeck, and Sonnerat pl. 129, in these or the
neighbouring countries. By European colonists, was carried to Burmah, where according to Mason
V . 448 the trees “ bore their first fruit last year ; ” to Bengal, where it has been successfully cultivated
(Mason) ; to the environs of Bombay, observed “ in gardens ” by Graham ; to Zanzibar,
brought it was said in “ an American ship from Sumatra,” the trees at the time of my visit bearing
fruit.
Citrus torosa oi the Philippines. The double-leaved citron is called in Burmah “ shouk pouk”
(Mason), in Tagalo “ suha ” (Blanco); and the orange of Cambodia was found by the Chinese official
agreeing in shape with that of China (C. aurantium) but sour : — C. torosa was observed by Blanco
frequent in woods on the Philippines, the petiole wider than the leaf, the fruit exceedingly acid and
not eaten, one variety called “ colobot” used by the natives in bathing; was observed also in the
environs of Manila by Mr. Rich ; by Mason v. 453 to 760 “ exotic” in Burmali, cultivated as far
North as Tavoy Lat. 14°, its fruit small, one variety “ with a smooth, and another with a rough skin.”
Eastward from the Philippines, a “ wild orange suitable for making lemonade” was observed by
Labillardiere on VVaygion (near New Guinea) ; C. torosa was observed by niyself on the Feejeean
and Samoan Islands, aboriginally introduced and now naturalized, a low tree with orange-like fruit,
but two-thirds of the diameter rind, the contained pulp intensely acid and found by Mr. Rich used
by the natives in “ washing their hair,” the leaves in drying separate from the stem and also become
disjointed.
Jasminum arborescens of Tropical Eastern Asia. A small tree with large white fragrant flowers
called iu the environs of Bombay “ koond ” (Graham) ; and the “ jasmin des Indes ” enumerated by
the Chinese official among the iragrant flowers worn by the king of Cambodia, — may be compared :
J. arborescens is termed “ nyctanthes grandiflora ” by Loureiro, as observed by him in Anam, Westward,
is described by Ro.xburgh i. 95 ; was observed by Lush in the vicinity of Bombay, at “ Dapooree,
introduced from China” (Graham).
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