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468 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Micropus erectns of the Mediterranean countries. The CENTVNCVLVM called by the Greeks
“ gnaphalitha,” prescribed by Julius Bassus, — Scribonius Largus 121, and the “ herbam incoctam ”
by Marcellus 29, described by Pliny xxiv. 88 as lying in cultivated ground, its leaves like “ capitis
penularum ” woolen caps, may be compared : M. erectus was observed by Lcefling pl. I f. S Spain ;
and is known to occur in cultivated ground in France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, the “ kën-
töugklöum” of the Romans is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. iii. 120; and M. erectus was observed by
Sibthorp frequent on Cyprus and other Greek islands.
Saniolina marilima of the seashore along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain.
Called in Greece “ vamvatzitha ; ” and the “ gnaphalitha” in question — according to Syn. Diosc.
should be the “ gnaphalion ” of Dioscorides having soft white leaves substituted for down, and
infused in wine against dysentery; S. maritima was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas,
frequent on the seashore of the Greek islands. Farther South, the “ gnaphalion” or “ irës ” or
“ ampëtôkôs ” or “ anaxëtôn ” or “ anaphalis ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ sëmëôn ” of the
Egyptians ; and S. maritima was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward,
with the “ gëlasônën ” of the .Gauls, and “ toukoularis ” or “ alvinous ” of the Romans ; and the
account by Pliny xxvii. 61 of the “ gnaphalion ” or ‘‘ cliamaezelon ” seems in part taken from Dioscorides
: S. maritima is described by Matthiol! p. 625, Lobel, Dodoens, and Clusius ; is termed
“ gnaphalium maritimum” by Tournefort inst. 461 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 161 in Barbary,
and is known to grow on the Atlantic shore of France and as far as Suffolk in England (Engl,
bot. pl. 141, Pers., and Spreng.).
“ The same year = ‘ youan-chi,’ ist year of Hiao-ping-ti,” one hundred and seventh Chinese
emperor (Chin, chron. table, and Pauth.) ; “ nine ” years old, and under the regency of Wang-mang.
“ 2 A. D .” (Veil. ii. lo i, and Clint.), on an island in the Euphrates, interview of Caius Caesar
with the Parthian king Phraates ; witnessed by the historian Velleius Paterculus.
“ 3 A. D .” (Clint.), the empire for “ ten years,” for the fourth time accepted by Augustus.
The author of the poem interpolated as the “ Third book of Tibullus ” is styled Lygdamus, and
by his own account should be in this year 45 years old (Sm. b. d.).
Amaranthus caudatus of Subtropical Eastern Asia ? Called in Britain love-lies-bleeding ; the
AMARANTHVSo f Lygdamus 4, — and Ovid . . . , a purple spike according to Pliny xxi. 23 rather
than a flower, coming in August and continuing into autumn, plucked and kept in “ alexandrino
palma ” and when moistened reviving for winter garlands, may be compared ; A. caudatus is described
by Miller (Steud ), is well known in the gardens of Europe, and escaping occurs in some localities
growing spontaneously (A. Dec.). Eastward and Southward, is known lo occur in Russia and Persia
(Pers.)"; in waste ground in Abyssinia (A. Dec.) ; in the gardens of Hindustan, but devoid of a
Sanscrit name (Roxb., Pidd., and Graham), in Ceylon, and in Nepaul (Pers., and A. D ec.). Probably
by European colonists carried to Peru (P ers.), but no American specimens seen by Moquin, nor
by A. Decandolle. (See Sedum eriocarpum.)
“ 4 A. D. = 4th year of the ‘youan-chi’ of Hiao-ping-ti” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of
the Forty-fifth cycle.
“ The same year” (Veil., and Clint.), death of Caius Caesar in Lycia, and Tiberius adopted by
Augustus. Tiberius now in command of the Roman armies was sent into Germany, accompanied by
the historian Velleius-Paterculus as praefectus equitum (Sm. biogr. diet.).*
“ 6 A . D . = ist year of the interregnum of Jou-tseu-ying,” under the protectorship of Wang-
mang — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.).
“ The same year” (Jos., Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 256), Archelaus successor of Herod, banished
from Jerusalem.
About this time (Percev. i. 77 to 292), Yacer-Younim, a descendant of Himyar, ruling Yemen.
— He undertook an expedition into the West, and advancing as far as the Wadi-rraml, Valley of
sands, set up a statue inscribed with mousnad or H im yarite characters. These characters — continued
in use until the time of Mohammed, when they were supplanted by the modern Arabic.
Hypericum {Androsoemum') officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called at
Padua “ cicijiana” (Anguillara), in other parts of Italy “ androsemo ” (Lenz), in which we recognize
the ANAPOCWi lMON of N iger,— identified by Dioscorides i. præf. and iii. 163 with the “ thionu-
* Asparagus tenuifolius of middle and Western Europe. The HERBAAA' SIMI LL IMAAA'
ASPARAGO observed by Tiberius Caesar in the plains of upper Germany,— or the “ incultius
asparago” growing on mountains and milder than the “ corruda” according to Pliny xix. 42, or the
“ SlSios asparagos” of Galen . . . , may be compared : A. tenuifolius is described by C. Bauhin pin.
594 ; and is known to grow on mountains and in marshy situations in Hungary and Southern France
(Waldst. and Kit., Lam. encl., and Pers.).
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 469
siatha,” a shrub with red branches, leaves thrice as large as those of “ pëganôu,” terminal yellow
flowers, fruit marked with lines, the bruised inflorescence exhaling a resinous odour, and the plant
applied to restrain the flow of blood: A. officinale was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus.
Westward, the “ androsaemon ” is described by Pliny xxvii. 10 as growing in vineyards, and applied
to wounds : the “ cecilianae ” is mentioned by Belon obs. i. 17 (ed. Clus.) ; A. officinale is described by
Anguillara p. 92 (Spreng.), and Dodoens p. 78; is termed “ a. maximum frutescens ” by Tournefort
inst. 251, and is known to grow in woods in Italy, Southern France, and even in Britain (All. ped.
1440, Curt. lond. iii. pl. 48, and P ers.). The dried plant is called “ androsamum” in the drug-shops
of Italy (Lenz) ; and according to Lindley, “ the leaves once much esteemed as vulnerary, and still
employed with great confidence in cases of recent wounds by rustic nurses.”
Hypericum perfoliatum oi the East MeilAerraaeaa countries. The “ anthrôsaimôn ” — is however
described by Dioscorides as having “ anthëlia mikra ” small flowers, and is referred here by
Sibthorp, Sprengel, and Fraas : H. perfoliatum is termed “ h. creticum amplissimo folio nitido” by
Tournefort cor. 18 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on Zacynthus and throughout Greece to
the vicinity of Constantinople, in shaded situations and called at present “ lëihënôhôrtôn ” or “ murôthia.”
Farther West, was observed by Columna ecphr. i. p. 78 in Apulia in Southern Italy, and is
termed “ androsemum sambac perfoliato folio ” by Boccone mus. pl. 127.
Aloe vulgaris of Abyssinia. Yellow-flowered and called in Egypt “ sabbarah,” on Cyprus
“ alôë,” and seemingly connected with the mistake of Niger in supposing the drug “ a lô ë ” dug out
of the ground in Judea ; — clearly the “ aloe ” of Dioscorides praef. and iii. 22 growing in Asia and
by the seaside on Andros and other islands, its thick leaves spinulose and spreading backwards ; A.
vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. Farther West, the “ alôë” or “ amphiviôn” or
“ ëruggiôii” or “ ërminôn” or “ tragôkërôs” is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ alóam ” of the
Romans ; the “ aloe ” is described by Pliny xxvii. 5 as somewhat resembling “ scillae ” but larger with
the leaves more fleshy, the stem not unlike “ antherico ; ” A. vulgaris is described by C. Bauhin pin.
286, and Tournefort inst. 366, and is known to continue under cultivation in Italy, Malta, Sicily, and
Barbary (Lindi.). Southward and Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of
Egypt ; by Forskal p. 73, at the port of Lohaja in Tropical Arabia ; by Rheede xi. pl. 3, and Roxburgh,
in Hindustan, by Graham “ common in gardens” at Bombay and called “ kuar pur,” and by myself,
growing spontaneously on the Deccan. By European colonists, was carried to the W est Indies,
where it continues under cultivation, and its product is exported under the name of “ Barbadoes aloes ”
(Pers., and Lindi.).
“ 7 A. D .” (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Papeyan succeeded by his son Ronmokkha, now Burmese
king ; “ a good man skilled in tlie Vedas,” — and who reigned “ fifteen ” years.
“ Probably about A. D. 7 ” (Sm. b. d.), P. Ouintilius Varus, having returned from Syria, sent
into Germany as governor, the first one having civil as well as military power. — In attempting to
introduce Roman in.stitutions, he was opposed by the people, who found a leader In Arminius chief of
the Cherusci.
Armeniaca vulgaris of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain apricot or by old writers
abrecockejm Spain “ albaricoque ” (Prior), in Germany “ aprikose ” (Grieb), in France “ abricot”
(Nugent), in Italy “ albicocco ” or “ arbricocco ” or “ armeniaco ” (Lenz), in Greece “ prikokkia ” or
“ vërikôkkia ” (Fraas), by the Arabs of Spain and Barbary in the time of Ebn Baitar “ barkouk ” but
by Eastern Arabs “ m ishniish” (as to the present day in Egypt and Yemen), but at Mocha as
heard by myself sometimes “ bertoud,” in which we recognize the “ vërikôkkia” of Varrò and Ouin-
tilii (Geopon. iii. i), or the “ praecocia ” ripening in summer and known to the Romans for “ thirty ”
years — according to Pliny xv. II. ; the “ praecoccia ” or “ praecoqua” or “ armeniaca” is mentioned
also by Columella v. to, Palladius xii. 7. 6, and Rutilius; the -‘ anuëniaka” or “ praikôkia ” by D ioscorides,
and the “ prëkôkkia ” by Galen fac. alim. ii. 20 : A. vulgaris was observed by Chaubard, and
Fraas, under cultivation in Greece, and is known to be cultivated throughout middle and Western
Europe. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt; and by Forskal, under
cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, is known to occur in Persia (Roxb. ii. p. 501) ;
is cultivated in the valley of Cashmere, besides springing up spontaneously on the site of abandoned
villages (Royle him. p. 205), has been observed under cultivation within the Tropics as far as the
environs of Bombay (Graham), is called in Hindustanee “ khubani,” in Bengalee “ phal bishesli ”
(D ’roz.), but has no Sanscrit name (Pidd., and A. D ec.). By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where the product continues uncertain on account of spring frosts; to Oregon,
prior to the visit of our Expedition ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it is
cultivated but never flowers.
“ 8 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ tsou-chi ’ of Jou-tseu-yng ” (Chinese chron. table).
“ In this year” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Bazen succeeded by Za-
Senatu, now king of Abyssinia. — Fie reigned “ tw enty-six” years.
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