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5 8 4 CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
duced. — Silkworms are mentioned soon afterwards by Georgius Pisides (Pouchet). But for some
centuries continued to be fed on leaves of the b la c k m u lb e r r y , Morus nigra (Crescenzio, Targioni and
A. Dec.).
“ 552 A. D. = ‘ tching-ching,’ is t year of Hiao-youan-ti” or Youan-ti IV., of the Liang or
Twelfth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Paul. Diac., and Clint.), Totilas defeated by Narses, and slain. He was
succeeded by Teias, ninth Gotliic king of Italy.
“ At this t ime” (Clint.), Jornandes finishing his history of the Goths.
“ In this year (r= 13th of Kin-mei,” ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), by the king of Fiaksai (in Corea),
an ambassador bearing an image of Budha and the classic books of his religion sent to Kin-mei.
The introduction of B u d h i sm into Japan.
“ 553 te. D . ” (Procop., and Clint.), Teias defeated by Narses, slain, and Gothic rule in Italy
terminated. The Goths agreeing to quit the country.
“ i\Iay 4lh ” (Clint., and Nicol.), Fifth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened by Justinian at
Constantinople. The proceedings of the four previous Councils were confirmed ; and the opinions
of Anthemius, Theodorus, and Origen, condemned (Alst.). — The authoVity of this Council continues
to be recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph.).
The worship of Isis and Osiris continuing at Philæ in the latter half of the “ S ix th ” century
(Champ.-Fig. p. 22S).
‘*554? August ” (Malal., Clint., and others), notwithstanding the immunity attributed by ancient
writers to Egypt, a severe e a r th q u a k e felt at Alexandria by Agathias. — Earthquakes have also been
experienced in Egypt by modern travellers.
“ The same year ” (Marius, and Clint.), Theudebald king of the French succeeded by his father’s
uncle Clothacarius (Chlothaire) ; who had reigned already “ forty-four” years.
‘*555 te. D. = ‘ tchao-taï,’ ist year of King-ti IL, of the L ian g ” or Twelfth dynasty— (Chinese
chron. table).
“ The same year ” (Anonym., Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Vigilius succeeded by Pelagius, fifty-eiglith
bishop of Rome.
“ 556 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ taï-pïng’ of King-ti I I . e n d of the Liang dynasty— (Chinese
chron. table).
*‘ 557 te. D. = ‘ young-ting,’ ist year of Wou-ti V L , ” now head of the new dynasty of the Tchin
— (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Procop., Agath., and Clint.), under the superintendence of Isidorus of Miletus,
the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople restored.
R o s a s p in o s i s s h / ia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The SHI TC 1 a roses described
in the addition to Diosc. i. 130 as a Tp I 0, simple-flowered, smaller and for many purposes more efficacious
than the garden kinds, — ma yb e compared: R. spinosissima was observed by Sibthorp in
the open portions of Southern Greece. Westward, is termed “ r. campestris spinosissima flore albo
odoro” by Tournefort inst. 638 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain
(Engl. bot. pl. 187).
R o s a a ?w e n s is of Western Europe. The “ ëpigëia” roses in question — are however referred
here by Sprengel: R. arvensis is termed “ r. serpens ” by Ehrhart, “ r. prostrata” by Decandolle, “ r.
procumbens ” by Seringe (Steud.), and is known to grow from Denmark to France (Oeder fi. dan.,
engl. b o t pl. 188, Dec. fl fr., and Pers.) ; was observed by Pollich in Germany ; by Scopoli, in
Carniolia; but has not been found in Greece.
M a t h io ia I r i c u s p id a ia of the East Mediterranean countries. TheAsUKOION GqAq CCION
or ION Oo Aa C C ION identified in the cod. Cantacuz addition to Diosc. iii. 12S with the BIOAO
m a p i N a of the Romans,— is referred here by Sibthorp: M. tricuspidata was observed by Sibthorp.
and Chaubard, frequent in the maritime sands of Greece : and farther South, by Forskal, and
Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is termed “ hesperis maritima latifolia
siliqua tricuspidi ” by Tournefort inst. 223, and is known to grow as far as Tripoli (Pers ).
L i i iu m h i r s u t u m of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The ICQ TIC a f p IO
descnbed m the addition to Diosc. ii. 216 as having blue or purple flowers, CTO U p 0 £ I A h and rough
fruit, with the contained seed as if separated by five equal le a f le t s , -m a y be compared: L. hirsutum
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and the Bithynian
Olympus, the flower “ cæruleo et rubro ; ” is known to grow also in Tartary'(Pers-) ; and farther
South, was observed by Savigny in Syria, and as far as the border of Egypt (Deb). Westward, is
described by Morison v. pl. 26; is termed “ 1. sylvestre latifolium hirsutum cæruleum” by Tournefort
inst. 339; was observed by Scopoli pl. 11 in Carniolia; and by Lapeyrouse, as far as the Pyrenees
(Steud.).
I f iu la B r i i a 7in i c a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The Tp i TON KONUZhC
O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
5 8 5
growing in watery places according to the addition to Diosc. iii. 126, its stem thicker and softer,
leaves intermediate, and odour stronger and less agreeable, — is referred here by writers : I. Britannica
was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in watery situations in Greece as fa r a s Constantinople,
and according to Fraas corresponds in the leaves and odour. Westward, is described
by Lobel adv. p. 121, and Dalechamp p. 1082 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ aster palustris luteus folio longi-
ori lanuginoso” by Tournefort inst. 4S3 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (AIL, Lam. fl. fr., fl. Dan. pb 413, Pers., and Steud.).
“ 558 A . D . ” (Malal., and Clint.), pestilence; continuing “ six months” at Constantinople and
apparently, from the description, the p la g u e . ’
“ 5Ó0 A. D . ” (inscript., Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Pelagius succeeded by Joannes the third fifty-
ninth bishop of Rome. ’ ^
“ 561 A. D . ” (Marius, and Clint.), death of Chlothaire, and accession of Sigibert as king of the
French. ^
“ 564 A. D . ” (Gild. hist. 26, and pref. by J. Stevenson), in Britain, Gildas writing. He speaks
of the two rivers “ Thamesis ac Sabrinae ” Thames and Severn, formerly ascended by boats brincrin^^
foreign luxuries ; of idols “ portenta ipsa diabólica ” remaining on the site of deserted towns : A v e s i
a sad account of the morals of the Christian clergy, official station from the bishop downwards bein^
for sale by princes : is equally severe and particular in enumerating the misdeeds of the judiciary and
princes : and thinks, that the national historical records, i f any, have either been burned in the wars
or carried abroad by exiled citizens. ’
The Arab poet Imra-el-Kiys as early as this d a t e^ (L a n e diet,). He is the author of one of the
seven Moallakats preserved at Mecca.
D ia n t h u s c a r y o p h y l lu s of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain c a r n a t io f i , by Lyte
and Spenser c o r o n a t io n , in mediæval Latin “ vettonica coronaria,” by Chaucer “ clove cxirofle ” (Prior)’
in Greece “ karuophullon ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ gurumfil ” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the scented
“ karanfoii” of Imra-el-Keys, — referred here by W. Jones iv. p . : D. caryophyllus was observed
by Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt ; and by m).-sel£, often kept in vases by tlie Arabs.
Farther North, was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, and wild on Imros • by Sibthorp,
wild m the Peloponnesus. Westward, the “ -tunici ” of Manfredus de Monte Imperiali. growin-
according to Jacobus de Manliis wild in Lombardy, is referred here by Sprengel ; D. caryophyllus is
clescril)ed by Ruellius, Dodoens ii. 18, and Tabernæmontanus ii. i ; is termed “ caryopliyllus simplex
flore minore pallide rubente” by Tournefort inst. 332 ; is known to grow wild in I t i ly and alono- the
Pyrenees, and has become naturalized in Britain and Northern France (Noulet, and A. Dec ) Eastward
from Egypt, was observed by Roxburgh, ancl Graham, in the gardens of Hindustan- by
Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, and called “ mondo” or usually “ iammasuje” or “ .soo-aif ” ’ By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation as a
garden flower.
C a d a b a fa id n o s a of Tropical Africa and Arabia. A shrub called in Yemen “ korrah ” or “ særah ”
or “ a sa l” (For sk.) : the “ dentifrices of esel-wood ” of Imra-el-Keys — (transl. W. Jones iv. p.)
may be compared : C. farinosa was observed by Forskal p. 68 along the mountains of Yemen, the
fresh branchlets masticated or pulverized and eaten as an antidote against poison. We s twa rd ’was
observed by Grant “ at Madi 3' N . ” on the Nile, called “ kana ” and spinage “ made from’ the
leaves.”
“ 565, Nov. 13th” (Theophan., and Clint.), Justinian succeeded by Justin I I . , tenth Byzantine
emperor. ^ '
“ In the beginning of the reign of Justin I I . ” (Agath. hist. v. p. 149, and Sm. b. d.), A^rathias
commencing his history. In which he names Alexander Trallianus as a contemporary.
_ S e d um a lb um of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain w o rm -g r a s s (Xx\or)
in Anglo-Saxon “ wyrmwyrt” (Cockayne), and the s Ami NGOBOT aNON of Alexander Trallianus
verm. 6 — may be compared: S. album was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the
rocks of the Greek islands and mountains, Taygetus, Parnassus, and Athos. Westward, is termed
‘ s. minus teretifolium album ” by Tournefort inst. 262 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles • is
known to grow on rocks as far as the Northern coast of France (fl. Dan. pl. 66, and Pers.) : but in
Britain, where it occurs on old walls, is regarded by Watson, and A. Decandolle, as probably exotic
and introduced at an early period.
S h rm b u lb o c a d a n u n t of middle Europe. The BOABOKaCTONa of Alexander Trallianus
VII. 2^ 8 (changed to “ valanokastana ” by Goupyl and Guinter) is referred here by Dodoens p. 333,
and Sprengel: S. bulbocastanum has not been ob.served in Greece. Westward, is described bv
Dalechamp p. 774, and Morison ix. pl. 2; is known to grow in France and middle Europe as far a's
Denmark, and has a tuberous edible root (fl. Dan. pl. 220, Gouan ill. 10, and Pers.).
S ca b io sa A f r i c a n a of the Mediterranean countries. An evergreen shrub three or four feet high
74
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