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a t t í s s k i ! r ih J 1 ° " U e furnishing staffs variegated like
is rferred e U lU i i ''' Í ®°"h’ nred : the “ karenu ” of Susrutas sarir. 4 to chikits. 30.
t L C on can T o Jh 0®+ + was observed by Rheede ii. pl. 23 in Malabar ; by Nimmo in
in o ih e l ia r t fo d i ? x ^ 1 Roxburgh/and Wight,
and accJrlin / » s Coromandel ; is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers. i. 200):
/ ! v e U ^ marked, and is m u c l/ e s t e / e d by the
Excoecaria agallocha of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan to Tongatabu The tFer's-milk
Z t - r, d “ I - " - ” l - v f d “ spinaUwhose i t
sprinkled on the eyes induces blindness - (Plin. xii. 18), may be compared; E a r tlo ch a vvas
i a n o i / e U s f a i l i l' i / ’^^ar; by Nimmo, and Graham, “ in salt marshes aloJgwith th e ”
c u i / b r a n / >> J j ^ ^ ’•‘•1^“ ®°^ and Cochin, the natives “ afraid almost to
. . . p ’ Ro.xburgh, at the Sunderbunds or mouths of the Ganges woodcutters
B u 'Z a i" '"® . V l l ' + r '' é'“ Serous. i'arther East, the “ ta-yau ” or’ “ ka-yau ” of
alona tU '^'^“ "^1 t probably identical; E. agallocha was observed by Blanco irequent
‘ b u / t a U ! r a J butabuta, n Bisaya “‘ ‘hl pattaU ” "oUr “‘ aTl.p’a ta ” or “ himbabao ” o r “ siac,” and employedin mped/icpinaanUv/
smoke from the burning wood causing intolerable pain in the eyes ; is termed “ arbo! excoecans ” h i
_<umphius n. pl. 79 to So, sailors sent to cut wood on Ambovna having been blinded by juice fallin!
/ s h U r e ! " " ^ i s I a n d ÍU q u i r t a / g i f
Ayctanihes arbor-trisHs of Hindustan and Burmah, from “ Lat. 18° to 30° ” alono- the base o f the
Himalayan mountains. A small tree called in the environs of Bombay “ s ir o U - or ‘‘ rar >’ J
“ singahar” (G ra h a + , in Bengalee “ singahar,” in Hindustanee “ hnrsinghai ” 7 T a i l ! Jo-ala
mully (Drur.); and the tree large as a fig, having exceedingly fragrant flowers with iJ d ib le
lupme-like fruit, seen by Androsthenes on the isle of Tyle - (Theophr. iv. 7. 7 to caus ii r and
T Z V l l ’ T ' - Z ‘ ’’® Amara-coslfa is referred hele b1 p J
rod W. Jones (asiat. res. iv. 244), and the “ sop haii ” is mentioned by Susrutas sutr 8 to chikits 2 •
M a l lh a r h r Hmdustan by Garcias 225 (Spreng.) ; by Rheede i. pl o j ’
Malabar , by Graliam, very common “ m gardens and about villages,” by Vaiipeil in Guzerat “ nroblblv
b / e ® ' ® ' ' + t o w a r d s Adjunta on the Deccan; by Royle alono-/h e
U j d U a J , T -0>>nta,ns; by Wallich. wild on hills near Prome on die I rra wad d J by
■■“ » ’ ■‘ »-■"ri’ c « . . i » .d r„, i „ E Z E ’f ,
Bouhlula varlcgata of Tropical Hindustan. A tree twenty to thirty feet hio-h called in Sanscrit
“ canchanara” or “ covidara” (W. Jones), in the environs of Bombay “ kunchum’ O T “ U n a ra i" ’
J / n J 4 ; U T n ® U i U T r f ' nientioned in the Sadriharma p undarikl/Lu-nJi.
-19^100410), ana the kanchana or kovidara or “ knrhnrlnT-n ” “ imrxoi-. >? • *1
0 Ayurvedas (Susrut. sarir. lo) : B. variegata was observed by Rheede b pl' 3 0 '+ M a la b lU by
Graham, m ‘ty^rdens Bombay,” but “ perhaps the ‘ ap ta ’ t r e e j f the C o n e / s ' is i d e n t / ’ ’ /
flowers very beautiful; by W. Jones (as. res. iv. 279), Roxburgh, and Wight, as fara s Corom’andel
Bengal and Oude, the flowers in one variety varied with purple, in the other whitish, the buds e a t j
m r J r J U i J 1 T according to Powell dried and used medicinallv by the natives
(See B. p JpP ieJ ) ” * Burmali, and cultivated for ornament.
gocrrhoa blllmbi of the Moluccas. Called in the environs of Bombay “ anvulla ” or “ bilimbi ”
(Gr«am), m Bengalee “ bilimbi,” in Hindustanee “ kamarunga ” (Drur.); and the tree seen bv
Androsthenes on Pyle “ poluphullon ” like the rose, the flower dosing at night, openinl ! J n
toe rising sunrand fully expanding at noon - (Theophr, iv. 7. 8, and Plin. Iii. 23I is R e fJU I Z t l
b I J J ” U f 1 obterved by Rheede iii. pl. 45 to 46 in Malabar; by Graham, “ in gardens
Bombay the fruit growing “ on the trunk and branches,” of “ an agreeable acid flavol ” and “ sold
in the b a z a r ; ’’ by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, under cultivatioR in other p a r k of’ IL n d u sU
Farther East, by Mason v. 454 ‘ -e x o t ic ” in Burmah ; by Nieuhoff, the “ bilinbing” fruit amona the
Javanese and Ma ayans ; by Navarrete, in Tropical China and the Malayan arclihielago th e !m ilin
+ £ 7 7 + + + “ ” ' ” " " " * ' " Z l
Ficus comosa of Tropical Hindustan, The tufted f ig is perhaps included among the evergreen
“ su k a s ” seen by Androsthenes on Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8): F. comosa was observed by Graham
“ on the Ghauts and hilly parts of the Concans ” as far as Bombay, a tree with smooth shining leaves,
“ fruit size of a gooseberry ; ” by Roxburgh cor. i i . pl. 125, in other parts of Plindustan.
Ficus benjamina of Tropical Hindustan. A beautiful tree called in the environs of Bombay
“ nandrook ” (Graham), in Telinga “ tella barinka ” (Drur.) ; and perhaps included among the everg
r e e n “ su k a s ” on Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8) ; F. benjamina was observed by R h e e d e i.p l. 26 in
Malabar, a decoction of the leaves mixed with oil applied to ulcers ; by Graham, “ between the
Kamatkee Ghaut and Wye,” and “ common throughout the Mawul districts,” the leaves polished
s h i n i n g ; by Roxburgh, Wight pl. 642 and 648, and Drury, in other portions of the peninsula.
Ficus racemosa of Tropical Hindustan. The red-woodfg-tree is called in Hindustanee “ gooler,”
in Telinga “ maydi,” in Tamil “ attie marum ” (Drur.) ; and is perhaps included among the evergreen
“ sukas ” on Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8); F. racemosa was observed by Rheede i. pl. 25 in Malabar ;
by Graham, in “ the Concans ” as far as Bombay ; by Ainslie, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan,
the fruit edible, and the leaves root and bark employed medicinally by the natives ; the leaves
according to Lindley are “ on the upper side dark-green and shining ; ” the tree is termed “ grossularia
domestica ” by Rumphius iii. pl. 87 to 88.
November, when the “ Etesian winds ” or Southwest monsoon ceased (Arrian ind. 21), Nearchus
sailed from the mouth of the Indus and “ Krôkala ” (to the present day called Crocola), passing the
Aravios (Araba-il-mend), and continuing along the Desert coast Westward. The people of this coast
were found to be exclusively fishermen, living on fish which in the cooked state were sometimes
ground into meal ; a few date-palms were met witli, also some gardens, with sheep axxA gnats fed however
mainly on fish-meal (the detailed description of the natives and their habits being, according to
Kempthorne, “ strictly correct even to the present d a y ” ). The bones of whales were used in constructing
dwellings ; and on afterwards meeting with living whales (a novelty to the Greeks) the sailors
were much terrified ; but Nearchus bearing down with the clang of arms and the ships in battle
array, put the dreaded monsters to flight : a dead whale fallen in with, measured “ fifty cubits,” having
many OSTPEA shell-fish, AOHAAAS barnacles, and <I>YKIA sea-weed, adhering to the skin
(Arrian 1. c. 30 and 39).
Hydiiocarpus inebrians of Tropical Hindustan and Cej-lon. Called in Malabar “ morotti,” in
Tamil “ niaravuttie ” (Drur.) ; and the tree seen by Nearchus whose fruit inebriates if eaten, and
from which honey also is extracted — (Strab. xv. i. 20), may be compared: H. inebrians was observed
by Rheede i. pl. 30 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, in the Concan, “ common” as far
at least as Bombay; by Buchanan, Wight i. pl. l 5, and Drury, very common on the Western coast
as far as Travancore, the fruit if eaten occasioning giddiness, and on Ceylon the seeds used for poisoning
fish : oil from the seeds is used medicinally by the natives (Rheede, and Ainslie).
Arenga saccharifera of Tropical Eastern Asia. A very stately palm called in the environs of
Bombay “ bhirlee” (Graham) ; and the “ phloiou phoinikinou” of which fishermen seen by Nearchus
made their nets — (Strab. xv. 2. 2), may be compared : A. saccharifera was observed by Graham
planted near Bombay, affording “ tolerably good sago, the sap palm wine and sugar, and the black
horse-liair like fibres of the trunk are converted into excellent cordage ; ” by Roxburgh iii. 626, and
Buchanan, under cultivation in other parts of Hindustan. Farther East, by Mason v. 506 indigenous
in Burmali “ on the mountains north-east of T ou ngoo ;” by Parish, observed also in Siam ; by Loureiro
759, in Anam ; by Marsden, and Crawfurd, on Sumatra and the neighbouring islands, planted
according to Griffith very commonly by the Malays, the cordage from black fibres of the trunk
renowned for its power of re.sisting wet, the sap drunk as toddy or converted into sugar, and the
young albumen in syrup forming one of the well-known preserves of the Straits ; the palm is termed
‘- goniutus gomuto ” by Rumphius i. pl. 13 ; and according to a writer in soc. tract Lond., its very acid
fruit, exciting inflammation when chewed, was the basis of the “ infernal water” used by the Moluc-
cans in war to pour over their enemies. Is termed also “ saguerus Rumpliii ” by Roxburgh, and
“ gomutus saccharifer” by Sprengel. (See Caryota urens, and Phcenix sylvestris.)
Michelia champaca of Cianipa and Anam, The peela or golden-fowered chumpa is a tree tliirty
to forty feet high called in Sanscrit “ champaca ” or “ chainpeya” or “ liemapnshpaca ” (W. Jones),
in Bengalee “ chumpaka ” or “ chumpa” (Drur.); and the “ alia anthëa” seen in a garden by
Nearchus, the flowers worn in the hair — (Arrian ind. 27), may be compared : the fragrant ‘ champa ”
is nientioned in the Mrichclihakati iv ; garments scented with a “ champa flower,” by Vachespati
Misra tatwa-kaum. (Wils, sankh.) ; and the “ katu ” or “ kanaka ” or ‘- kanchana ” or “ gand'ha ” or
“ nagapuslipa ” or “ surab’hi ” or “ hemanga ” of Susrutas sutr. 28, is referred here by Hessler ; M.
champaca was observed by Graham “ in gardens ” around Bombay, “ a highly ornamental and sacred
tree ; ” by W. Jones as. res. iv. 287, Roxburgh, and Wight i. 13, in gardens throughout the peninsula
and as far as Bengal, dedicated according to Drury to Vishnu, and its flowers used by the natives to
adorn their heads. Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 402 “ exotic ” in Burmah, planted about
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