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Siso/t amonmm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italian drug-shops
“ amomo germanico” (Targ.); and die S E I S Í2 N of Axionicus— (Poll, onomast. x. 122), a small
seed according to Dioscorides resembling that of “ s ï lin ô ” but hot to the taste, growing in Syria and
employed there as a condiment, is referred liere l>y writers ; S. amomum wa.s observed by Sibthorp
from the liithynian Olympus to the environs of Smyrna. Westward, the “ s ison ” is mentioned by
Pliny xxvii. 15, and Apuleius Barliarus 94 (Fraas) ; tlie “ amomon ” herb by Pliny xxvi. 19; and
from mediæval times “ semen amom! ” have been sold in the drug-shops of Iturope (Spreng., and
Lindl.) : S. amomum is descrilied liy Dalechamp 708 ; is termed “ sium aromaticum, sison officinarum ”
by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to occur in “ chalky fields” in Carniolia, France, and Britain
(Scop., Pers., Engl. liot. pl. 954, and Lindi.). The seeds according to Lindley are “ pungent and
aromatic ” but liave a nauseous smell when fresh.
“ 350 B. C.” (Diodor., and Clint, ii. p. 383), Egypt re-conquered liy tlie Persians with tlic aid of
Greek mercenaries. The name of the reigning emperor, Artaxerxes III. Ochus, has not been
found on the Egyptian monuments (Glid., and Leps. k.).
Aucklandia costus of Cashmere. An imported root called in commerce cosius, in Arabic “ kiist ”
(Royle), in Egyptian “ ris ” — (Edw.) ; in which we recognize the “ kostos ” enumerated among
imported fragrant roots by Tlieophrastus ix. 73 and odor. 28 to 34 ; used liy the Romans in supplicating
the gods (Plin. xxii. 56), mentioned also by Horace, Ovid, Celsus, Lucan ix. 917 ; and according
to the ICrytliræan Periplus brought from the Indus ; three kinds are mentioned by Dioscorides; and
two kinds “ from tlie island of Patale at the mouth of the Indus ” by Pliny xii. 25 : the “ kust ” is
mentioned by Rhazes, Avicenna, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, and Persian medical writers ; and the root
in question wa.s traced by Falconer to A, costus, observed by liim growing in the valley of Caslinierc.
Eastward, was found liy Garcias brought to Malacca for export to China; and according to Royle
(in Kitt. bibl. cycl.), is an ingredient in the incense burned in Cliinese temples and houses.
“ In this year ” (Liv., App., and .Sm. b. d.), tlie Gauls defeated by the consul M. Popilius Laenas ;
and a triumph celebrated, the first obtained by a plebeian. A second temple to Apollo Iniilt in
Rome.
“ In this y e a r ” (Bbthling, Roth, Lassen, and Buns. iv. 7. 3.), Panina the grammarian, founder of
Sanscrit literature : — the oldest Sanscrit prose occtirring in the Bramana or books of ritual, and the
Upanishad or philosophical treatises. (Panina may have lived to tlie time of Alexander’s invasion).
As early probably as this date (Theophrast., and Cic. acad. quaest. ii. 39), Hicetas of Syracuse
maintaining That tlie heavens are stationary, and that tlie Earth turns on itself or rotates.
The Niobe group of statues — (referred by writers to the Fourth century IS. C., Luiike and
Lutrow) impressed me more deeply than any work of art I ever met with. For a different reason, I
was interested in tlie Scythian slave preparing to skin Marsyas; as lieing in the days of the sculptor
a trutlifiil representation of tlie people on the North of Greece.
“ 348 li. C.” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Valerius Corvus and M. Popilius Laenas consuls, renewal
of the treaty witli Carthage.
Tlie same year ( = 339 + “ 2 + 3 + 4 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. talilc = 332 + “ fi + 4 + 6
y e a r s ” of tlie Euseli.-Maneth. table), a date llius found in both the Maneth. tables, and possibly
marking some event (see li. C. 339).
The Greek physician Mnesitlieus may liave licen at this time writing. — lie is quoted liy tlie
comic poet jMexis.
The tree M YA Í enumerated among articles of food liy Mnesitlieus — (Orillas, ii. 68) is referred
by writers to tlie dormouse, Myoxus glis ; tlie “ muóxos ” is mentioned liy Op|)ianus cyn., Epiplianius
haer. 64, and as eaten in Italy liy Galen al. fac. iii. 2 : the “ glis ” is mentioned by I’ lautus, Lupinus
or Hirpiinis, I’etronius, Pliny, Martial, and Apicius; wa.s the subject of a Roman sumptuary law in
“ B.C. 115; ” and llie “ glir.irium ” park for keeping dormice, is described liy Varrò iii. 15. 'I'lie
dormouse continues to lie eaten in Italy, and is even reared for tliat purpose in Carniolia, Carinthia,
and .Slyria (Gesn., Matthiol., Valvasor, and Daremi).).
“ 347 B. C.” (Clint, ii. p. 156), .Syracuse recovered by Dionysius II.
“ In tliis year ” ( = Ol. 108. 1, Cic., Senec., D. Laert., ancl Sm. li. d ), at Alliens, clcatli of Plato.
He was succeeded liy his (nipil Speusippus as head of the Academic scliool of pliilosopliy.
Brassica napus of Europe and tlie adjoining portion ot Asia. Called in Britain coltza or rape or
navew (I’ rior), in France “ colza,” in Italy “ rapaccionc” or “ navone selvatico ” or “ napo silvestre ”
(Lenz), in Egypt “ selgam ” (Del.) ; in wliich wc recognize tlie “ napus” identified tlirough Pliny vvitli
the BOYNIAS of Speusippus, — Dipliilus Siplinius, Artemidorus, Nic.uider fr.. Columella,
Dioscorides, and Allienacus ii. 71 : B. napus was observed by Fraas in hilly .situations in Greece,
where it is or has been cultivated ; is known to occur seemingly wild in Armenia, Russia, and
“ perhaps Siberia” (Billerb. p. 170, Ledeb., ancl A. Dec.); the “ sc ljam” wa.s seen in Egypt liy
Abd-allatif; ancl B. napus, by Delile, and Clot-I’.ey, cultivated in Upper Egypt for the oil from its
rl ■ Westward “ coles rapicii ” ancl “ semen rapicium ” are mentioned by Cato ; the “ napus ” b y
+ - i i r í i c l P i l l x J i . • B. napus is d lc r ib e d liy Miller; is cultivated in midd e h.urope
foi uUoU from its seeds, and is known to grow wild in maritime situation.s as far as trotldand anc
M s s
Furope as far as die three Southern counties of Britain (Ray, Jacq. a u s ti. p . 14-, c ■. ‘ >
r i C i U r n n im e i from the route of importation): “ narlhós” having a spike ,s mentioned
0 M n / j J - f iU “ narthou inthikes” called “ gaggitis ” from the river along
E - S S S E S j S
by l/ ep a la -N an dR y aT ow I l i l lu k i n g . -H e i.s called Nanda in the Avadana-asoka (Burn. t. 359,
seeidso I I . finally expelled from Syracuse by
'‘' " U / l c same y e a r ” (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), M. Valerius Corvus and A. Corncdius / / t " Arritm
consuls, tlie Romans now gaining more than lo c a l importance: ’0 0 ; ’ 1 alium, tlie Campanians claiming dieir protection, and war commenced ,n that di.ect.on against
“ Z : u ; S 7 ; : t fl
t Z f Z r t z z r s L z i z z z z z z y
“ J l I by Avicenna, and Ebn Bailar: cardamoms were observed by
a S S i , / S i ! Eg p t; by Ryseif, import« tbere tbrongh M e « a 0 Urn h « a « 0 «
everywhere; in use in Soutliern Araliia. Eastw:ird, are ca led in I’ crs an _hi _,n I mcluMa ot
“ l-al iilali ” in Sanscrit “ Inihoola” or “ cla nishkooti,” m Bcng.alcc “ clachi, m U lii g.i s ma
yaliaeci” ’ (I)’ro;.; aiul Lindl.), in Tamil “ aila-chedclie ” (Drur.) : +
J ie e d e xi' pl. 4 and 5. Koxburgli, and Lush, under cultivatain " J , J 7 f
up spontanJusly on clearing tlio forest in Wynaad and other hilly distncts (Dm,y). ,‘- 0
cirdlmioms are numerated by Edrisi as brought to Aden ' ' 7 ” ( ' " J /
damomum is described by Solner.at ii. pl. .36; was o b se rv« by ^
Mason v. p. 496, abound; in the “ forests of Tavoy and Mergui,” the seeds collected in fo.mci times
liy llie Karens for triliule, and is called “ liala.”
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