: I J U
■ ‘ l l , . ' + 1
f o ' f o l & i B S ' s i
: Í ' .....
»
- j j '
I
312 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
“ 371, Ju ly ” (Pausan., Blair, ancl Clint.), the Spartans invading Boeotia defeated at Leuctra by
the Thebans under Epaminondas. Spartan ascendancy thu.s brought to a close ; and “ a few months
later,” the city of Megalopolis founded in Arcadia.
Greek inscriptions of about this date (Franz.), presenting the following forms of letters, Z, fl.
Dolichos lubia ot Abyssinia? A bean calleci in Egypt “ lubia bæledi ” (F o r sk .); in which we
recognize the “ lôvôs ” identified by Galen, and Aretaeus, with the AOMXQN of Anaxandrides,—
Polemon diæt. ii. 13, Theoplirastus viii. 3, growing at Tempe in Thessaly according to Pliny xvi. 92,
and identified by Galen with the “ phasêôlôn ” of Diodes, and Dioscorides ii. 130 ; also the “ lôvia ”
pods called “ asparagos” of the “ smilax këpaia” of Dioscorides ii. 175, a twining plant having
bicoloured kidney-shaped seeds : the seeds of D. lubia continue well known in Greece (E. A. Soph.)
though perhaps imported, and may be included under the term “ phasôuüa ” applied according to
Fraas to allied species : D. lubia continues abundantly cultivated in Egypt, the black spot onits seeds
mentioned by Ebn Djoldjol, Delile, and CIot-Bey ; and according to Delile occurs also in Persia and
Hindustan. A species regarded by Forskal p. 133 as probably identical was obse'rved by him under
cultivation in Yemen and called “ didjre.”
“ 370 B. C.” ( = 388 — “ iS y e a r s ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table, see below), Nëctanëvës succeeded
by Tëôs, second king of the Thirtieth dynasty. “ Two ” years are assigned to the reign of Tëôs in
both the Maneth. tables. Flis name occurs in the quarries at Mokattam — (Birch).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, on account of the war with Velitrae, the election of
consular tribunes permitted by C. Licinius and L. Sextius the regularly elected tribunes.
369 B. C. (= 4 0 8 — “ 39 y e a r s ” of the Egyptian Chronicle, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving
33- + “ 6 + 4 + 6-|-2o years ” = 368 = 370 — “ 2 years ” of both Maneth. tables), Tëôs succeeded
by Nëctanëvôs II., third king of the Thirtieth dynasty. Who reigned “ eighteen” years (Egypt.
Chron., and Afr.-Maneth. table), and proved the last native Egyptian king. The hieroglyphic ovals
of king Nehtnebf occur at Beghe, on a temple built by him on Philæ, on stone fragments at Karnak
and the neighbouring temple of Khons, and "on “ a little figure (brought from Pompeii.” Glid.
analect.,-and Leps. k. pl. 50).
A t the First cataract, the earliest building on Philæ (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. rip to
122) is by Nectanebus ; the island is not mentioned by Herodotus, — and appears to have been first
regarded as sacred under the Ptolemies. The hieroglyphic inscription on the obelisks there, is said
by Lepsius to have nothing to do with the Greek inscription.
Piper sylvestre of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. Called in Madagascar “ lale vitsit ; ”
and possibly the African pepper mentioned by the comic poet Ophelion — (Athen. ii. p. 66, and
Daremb.) : P. sylvestre was observed by Flacourt i. 36 25 abounding in the forest throughout
Madagascar and Bourbon Island, eaten by wild pigeons, and its stem and leaves having the savour
of pepper ; by Bojer, indigenous in moist places in the forest on Mauritius, and called by the colonists
“ poivrier sauvage.” From transported specimen.s, is described by Lamarck ill. pl. 23 (Pers.).
Varthema found “ a grove of cubebs ” near Mozambique (edit. Badg.) : Bourbon cubebs is mentioned
by “ most writers on Materia medica,” the berries according to Th. Martins “ not larger than grains
of millett,” but the species producing them remains unascertained (Lindl.).
“ 368 B. C. = 1st year of Hien-wnng, of the Tcheou ” or Fifth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” ( . Sm. b. d.), C. Licinius and L. Sextius still holding by re-election the
power of tribunes, Camillus for the fourth time appointed .by the senate dictator: he resigned and
P. Manlius Capitolinus was appointed in his place.
“ In or about this year ” (Apollod., D. Laert., Blair, and Clint.), Eudoxus visiting king Mausolus of
Caria; and recommended by Agesilaus II. to Nectanebus, proceeded to Egypt. — Fie received
instruction in Egypt from Chonuphis ( . . . . Leps. eg. and sin. p. 386) : and brought back into
Greece the Celestial Sphere and the science of Astronomy. Eudoxus is regarded as the discoverer
of the principle of curved lines.
One hundred and eighteenth generation. May ist, 367, mostly beyond youth: the Chinese
philosopher Meng-tseu ; the Greek poet Erinna the younger ; the comic poets, Araros, Calliades,
Nicostratus, Philippus, Anaxilas, Callicrates, Fleracleides, Amphis, Cratinus the younger, Eriplius,
Epicrates, Aristophon, Sotades, Augeas, Fleniochus, Epigenes, Timotheus, Sophilus, Antidotus,
Nausicrates, Xenarchus, Dromo, Diodorus of Sinope, and Simylus : the tragic poets, Aphareus. aud
Theodectes ; the philosopher Diogenes the cynic ; the historians, Cephisodorus, Flermeias of
Methymne, and Simonides; the orators, Isaeus, Aeschines, Aristoplion of Colyttus, Cydias, Hege-
sippus, Callistratus, Leodamas, Aristophon of Azenia, and Androtion ; the painters, Pamphilus,
Euxenidas, Euphranor (Bryan).
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), at Syracuse, death of Dionysius after a reign of “ 38 years.” He
was succeeded by ids son Dionysius 11., now king of Sicily.
“ The same y e a r ” (Biair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, the dictator P. Manlius elected consular
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 3 1 3
citizens betygreroim^ecl. ^ ,g g „ ,0 e d with
pesHlm^ r o r th e d ^ h of * 0 0 0 ; .3 0 ed w j th C Suipicius
/ " U t e i r j i U n ^ ^ ^ and baUle at
O l y m p i a at the time of the Games. a w i l d snecies of woad, included
'i s a t i s Orientalis of the E'ast Mechterranean counfr e . 0 lesembling
perhaps in * e « A T 0 ' ^ 0 ;J t ' ” / U / l I a n f p ísU s s in g 'the same medicinal properties, is
according to Orientalis was observed by him on the maritime rocks of Greece and
referred here b y Sibthorp . I. Orientalis w ( " A i t and Steud) Westward, the “ isatis
^ Asia Minor ; and wro rroeived + f t J ^ r S t ' L r é m ” of th’e Romans ;
* agria ” or “ ègne mikra IS i a t / ’ w S e a p p lU wounds in the days of Pliny xx. 25 :
bruised leaves of m s>lvis " 0 0 “ lusitanica” by Tournefort cor. 211, is attributed by
^ c . . „ . o,
r r E B z i J z i
is enumerated by Fheophra0 us ' _5 ‘ i<T mentioned as o-rowing in Arcadia: the
leaves, and the “ titlnimallos ” yielding ip ^ p ia ' j „5j^ations and yielding a juice, a dense
“ ippophaès” olive, dry whitish spines and flowers like corymbs
b u s h wi th c r owd ed le a ve s resembling, those or , y and Snrenrol • E. spinosa was
of the ivy, is referred here / Fr 'as f ju e í t ^ deJse inextricable tufts
observed by Alpinus exot. 302, Sibthorp, Chaubaid, + 1 Westward, the “ ippóphaés ” or
o . M b % “ v v ' ' b 7 ' r ; i r i i + 7 “ ^ 7 7 . » « .
“ ‘r i’"'::! " " ¡ ' f "5 “ npp“ “ “ ‘p'"“ ‘"".'“ 'r ”’ ", “
S s e L i “ . r C M M M M , . « . «M ■ » - « «
becoming s p i n e s c e n t ( P e r s , S p r e n g . , and Lenz). ^ ^ „ f Asia A species of dodder called
o U r i .+ f r / y t t ? » - ? ? o fE u r o p e a « th e adjo,m^^^^ fP °
in Italy “ cuscuta” or “ ep.timbra” or 0 / 0 0 / 0 0 0 0 0 0 ^ mt. affecl 1 0 . - 2 Morb.
fox-silk (Fraa s); in which we recognize the EH ninscorides especially in Cappadocia and
mul. 9, and by Paulus Aegineta ; q praas upon Thymbra and allied plants
Pamphylia : C. epithymum rras observed ^ / / / J J / o i y n / s an d “ afrimun” from Syria was
from the Peloponnesus and Greek / Westward, the “ épithumòn ” or “ kèthóis ” is
found by Forskal employed medicinally m E 51 . Pnmans- the “ epithymum ” growing
identified in Syn. Diosc. with J " ' " ’ “U U / J / w 3 / / . e p ith / um i"s
wiihout root and by some called “ hippop le o n is i Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known
termed “ c. minor” by Tournefort inst 652 ; was bo pl 53, and Pers ).
to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Dennrark (ffi Dan. pl. 4 j En P 53
alkekengi of Barbary ^ “solatro
“ coqueret” (Nugent), in Germany ‘‘£ 0 0 ®’., / e “ kakavoum ” of the
alicacabo” (Lenz), m Greece, kgrasouha 0 ibt •) 1 q;i..^Lavón ” yielding a juice, possibly the
Numidians identified m Syn. Diosc with le __ alikakavon” of Dioscorides
t y p e ,™
40