ît,
5 1 8 C F IR ON O LO G IC A L A R R A N G E M E N T O F A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 5 1 9
■ti
1531
à l . n
t
t “lit «
■, R * J
cities. A revocation of the edict was procured soon afterwards by Scopelianus of Clazomenae, ambassador
from the Greek cities of Asia.
“ May ” (Martial, and Cl int ) , the Sarmatian war, and departure of Domitian from Rome.
“ 94, January” (Martial, and Clint.), after “ eight months” absence, return of Domitian to
Rome.
F e r u la g la t t c a of the West Mediterranean countries. The FERVLAEQVE' TRI STES - SCEP
TRA* PAEDAGOGORVMo f Martial x. —- is referred here by Tournefort voy. vi. p. 292 : F. glauca
was observed by Tournefort in Italy and Southern France; is termed “ f. communis” by Gouan
(Steud.) ; is known to grow also in Sicily (Pers.).
B a r t s i a a lp in a of the mountains of middle and Western Europe. An herb called in Britain
p o ly - /n o z rn lam , in m e d ie v a l LAt in “ polium montanum” (Prior), and the “ Martialis polium” — of
Apuleius Barbarus 57, may be compared : B. alpina is known to grow on mountains from Switzerland
and mount Baldo to Lapland (Crantz, Engl. bot. pl. 361, fl. Dan. p l 43, and Pers.).
“ 95 A. D . ” (Iren., Euseb., and Cl int ) , the evangelist John living on the island of Patmos, not
far from Ephesus.
E r o d iu r n c ic im iu zn of the Mediterranean countries. The name s i o r E s - b i l l having extended to
allied species in Britain (Prior), the TTCA À P f ITI C herb prescribed by Asclepiades the younger —
(Gal. comp. med. ix. 2) may be compared : E. ciconium was observed by F.orskal, and Sibthorp,
from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus; and by Forskal near Cairo in Egypt. Westward, is
described by Boccone mus. ii. p l 83 ; is termed “ g. cicutæ folio acu Iongissima” by Tournefort inst.
26S ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary (Steud.) ; and is known to grow also in Italy, Spain,
and Southern France (Cav. iv. p l 95, and Pers.). “ E. gruinum” regarded as perhaps not distinct,
is termed “ g. latifolium Iongissima a c u ” by Tournefort inst. 269, was observed by Sibthorp, and
Bory, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus, by Delile near Alexandria in Egypt, is known to grow
also in Crete, Italy, North Africa, and Spain (Cav. iv. pl, 88, and Pers.).
“ The same y e a r ” (Sueton., Dio, Euseb., and Clint.), by Domitian, T. Flavius Clemens consul
for this year compelled to abdicate and put to death ; and his niece Flavia Domitilla exiled for being
a Christian. T. E'lavius Clemens is regarded as the author of the “ First epistle of Clemens Romanus,”
and as the bishop of Rome who succeeded Anegkletus and was succeeded by Euarestus.
— In the continuation of the series by Irenaeus (Clint, iv. p. 177), Alexander is named as the fifth
bishop of Rome, Xystus as “ sixth,” and Telesphorus as seventh.
“ 96 A. D.” (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), Domitian succeeded by Nerva, twelftli Roman emperor.
The hieroglyphic ovals of Nerva have been found only on a small temple at Assuan or Syene.
“ 97 A. D . ” (Philostrat., and Clint.), the rhetor Nicetes of Smyma sent into Gau l A t Rome,
Frontinus (aquaed. 102) appointed “ curator aquarum.”
“ 98, Jan. Iith, five hours after midnight ” (Blair), occultation of the star Spica Virginis by the
moon, observed at Rome by Menelaus.
“ Jan. 25th” (Chron. Pasch , and Clint.), Nerva succeeded by Trajan, absent at Agrippina
(Cologne), as thirteenth Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Trajan occur on temples at
Dendera, Ombos, and Philæ.
“ In the reign of Trajan ” (Sm. b. d.), the Greek physician Archigenes practising in Rome. Lie
is mentioned by Juvenal vi. 236 to xiv. 252.
V a le r ia z ia o f f icm a lis of middle Europe. Called in Britain v a le r ia n , in France “ valeriane”
(Nugent), in Germany “ baldrian” (Grieb): the O n o i ; KA PD ÀCOY prescribed for curling the hair
by A r c h i g e n e s ( G a l comp. med. i. 3), inducing sleep and strangulation according to the treatise
Pharm. delet. 13, or “ karpësiôu” of Quintus, and Galen fac. simpl. vii. 14 and antid. i. p. 71, growing
on the mountains of Pamphylia and brought from Pontus and in great quantities from Syria, resembling
“ phou ” in taste and effects but the odour more powerful, or the “ karpësian ” of Paulus Aegineta,
may be compared : valerian root is enumerated by Alpinus as employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward,
V. officinalis is described by Brunfels append., and Columna (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow
in situations more or less moist throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 570,
Pers., and A. Dec.). The “ fetid roots ” according to Lindley bring on “ as is well known a kind of
intoxication in cats, and in large doses occasioning in man scintillations, agitation, and even
convulsions.”
S a l i c o r n ia I n d i c a of the seashore of Western Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay
“ muchoor ” (Graham) ; and the àAA: INAI KONo î Archigenes ■— (Barton, and Spreng. comm. Diosc.
p. 453) may be compared with the b a r i l la or Carbonate of soda effloresced on the soil of Northwestern
Hindustan (Royle) as well as procured from the ashes of this and otlier Salsolaceous plants : S. Indica
was receiv'ed by Willdenow act. berol ii. p l 4 from Tranquebar (Pers.) ; was observed by Graham
“ common oil salt marshes” in the environs of Bombay, pickled by the natives, and furnishing
“ alkali used in the manufacture of soap and glass .”
é
S a l i c o r n ia b r a c h ia ia of the seashore of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Telinga “ quoiloo ” (Drur.);
and its ashes possibly included in the “ ala inthikon ” of Archigenes : — S. bracliiata was observed by
Roxburgh, and Wight p l 738, abounding in ground overflowed by the spring-tides from Coromandel
to the mouths of the Ganges, and according to Drury “ yields a barilla for soap and glass.”
S a l s o la I n d i c a of the seashore of Flindustan. A species of s a l tw o r t called in Telinga “ yella-
kura ” (Drur.); and its ashes possibly included in the “ ala inthikön ” of Archigenes : — S. Indica was
observed by Graham “ in salt marshes” in the environs of Bombay, its leaves eaten by the natives ;
by Roxburgh, and Wight p l 1797, along the coast as far as Coromandel and the mouths of the Ganges ;
and according to Irvine, and Drury, yields the impure soda called “ kharsuji,” imported from Scinde
and employed in the manufacture of soap and glass; the name “ k ’h ar ” or “ k ’hari,” in Bengalee
“ khyar,” in Hindustanee “ khar,” is regarded by Royle antiq. 41 as the probable origin of the term
“ alkali.”
S a l s o la n u d i f lo r a of the seashore of Hindustan. Called in Telinga “ rawa-kada” (Drur.) ; and
its ashes possibly included in the “ ala inthikön” of Archigenes: — S. nudiflora was observed by
Graham in salt marshes in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Drury, from Travancore to
Coromandel and the mouths of the Ganges, yielding “ a kind of barilla used for making soap and
glass.”
“ 99 A. D . ” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Demah^ succeeded by Za-
Awtet, now king of Abyssinia. — Fie reigned “ tw o ” years.
One hundred and thirty-second generation. A. D. loi , Jan. ist, mostly beyond youth : the philosophers,
Valerius Pollio, Epictetus, Favorinus, and Oenomaus ; the astronomer Theon of Smyrna
(Blair) ; the historians Philon Byblius, and Cephalion ; the grammarians, Hermippus of Berytus, and
Nicanor; the rhetors, Dionysius of Miletus, and Lollianus ; other Greek writers, Aelianus Tacticus ;
the editors, Dioscorides the younger, and Artemidorus Capito ; the musician Dionysius : the Latin
writers, the satirist Juvenalis; the historians Suetonius, and Tacitus ; and the grammarian Terentius
Scaurus.
“ In this y e a r ” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull. p. xcvii) ; Za-Awtet succeeded by Za-Elawda, now
king of Abyssinia. •— He reigned “ thirty ” years.
“ The same y e a r ” (Dio, and Clint.), expedition of Trajan into Dacia.
“ 103 S . D.” (Dio, Vict., and Clint.), after subduing many nations beyond the Danube, peace
granted by Trajan to Decebalus and the Dacians.
“ 104 A. D . ” (Clint.), letter of Plinius Secundus x. 97 respecting the Christians of his Province
in Asia Minor. The reply of Trajan is also extant, and is much celebrated.
The Andra mentioned by Pliny “ in the second century ” as a powerful dynasty ; — and “ the name
of Andre Indi, on the Ganges, in the Peutengerian tables ” (Elphinst. iii. 3).
“ The same y e a r ” (Mason iii. p. 42), in Burmah, destruction of the city of Prome.
“ 105 A. D.” (Dio, and Clint.), by Trajan, a stone bridge built over the Danube, under the supervision
of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus.
“ October ” (Dio, Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), the E r a o f P e t r a a n d B o s r a . The Roman governor
of Syria Cornelius Palma extending his conquests over Petra the chief city of Arabia Petrasa.
Posidonius the younger about this time writing. He quotes Archigenes, and describes the
glandular or true p la g u e ; a disease mentioned also about this time — or a little later by Rufus Ephesius
(Greenhill in Sm. biog. diet.).
C u r c u m a z e r u z n b e t of Tropical Hindustan and Java. The imported product is called in European
drug-shops z e d o a r ia Iong a, in Persian “ zerunibad” (Lindl) , in Arabic “ zarnab;” and the
APNABUJ of Posidonius the younger, — Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Haller;
the “ zarnab” is mentioned by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar. Farther East, C. zerumbet is called in
Sanscrit “ pulasha ” or “ gundha-moolee ” or “ shudgrunthhika ” or “ shutee ” or “ kurvoora ” or “ kur-
choora,” in Bengalee “ shuthee” or “ kuchoora,” in Telinga and Hindustanee “ kuchoora” (Lindl.), in
the environs of Bombay “ sotee” or “ satee” or “ kutchoora” (Graham) ; is described by Rumphius
V. pl. 68; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xi. p l 7; by Roxburgh cor. iii. p l 206, “ the powdered
root” composing in part “ the red stuff called ‘ abeer,’ thrown about during the license of the
Hooly ; ” by Graham, “ distinguished by the purple mark down the centre of the leaves,” and producing
“ the real z e d o a r ia of the ” shops ; is known to grow also in Chittagong, and in the nearest portion
of Java (Blume, and Lindl ) .
“ ro6 A. D. ‘ yen-ping,’ ist year of Hiao-cbang-ti ” or Chang-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty
(Chinese chron. table).
“ 107 A. D. =: ‘ young-tsou,’ ist year of Hiao-ngan-ti ” or Ngan-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty
(Chinese chron. table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Mason ii. 20, and iii. 42), establishment of the Burman empire at Pugan: and
the city founded or rebuilt by king Thamugdareet.
I .
,<1
l i
.ir.
. T
J
' I
cl; ,..- , t,
-- ■
..
' : ' "N.Z- ■ *
i
h 'h
5Ï **