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Siberia (Gmel.). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha; is known to grow on the
Rocky mountains (Drummond), in Canada from “ Lat. 64°” (Hook.), at York factory (Rich.), in
Labrador from Lat. 57° (E. Meyer), in Greenland (Gieseck), Newfoundland (Lapil.) ; was observed by
Michaux, and myself, on the Lower St. Lawrence; and ceases at about Lat. 45° in New England
(Muhl., and A. Gray). The plant according to Lindley is “ slightly bitter and aromatic,” and “ has
had much reputation in diseases of the eye.”
R u m e x sm tg n in e n s o i Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Cailed in Britain
or (Prior), and the r e 2%n d oCCÌ Yn of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 49 — is referred
here by Cockayne: R. sanguineus is described by Valerius Cordus (Spreng. præf.); is termed “ lapa-
thum folio acuto rubente ” by Tournefort inst. 504 ; was observed by Schrader in Germany ; and is
known to occur in other parts of middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pl. 492, Engl. bot. ph
1533, and Kit.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in Virginia and around
Newbern and Charleston (Pers., E l l , Croom. and Chapm.).
R iU i i c x m a r i t im u s of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The f e ^ Lp^n
d o C C V n f a l l o w d o c k of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 49 — is referred here in part by Cockayne:
R. maritimus is described by Petiver brit. pl. 2. f. 8; was observed by Pollini veron. (Lenz) along
the Adriatic ; and is known to grow along the Atlantic in the salt marshes of France and Britain
(Smith brit. i. 253, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Farther West, across the Atlantic, is enumerated by
A. Gray as growing on the “ sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in the interior ; ”
by Chapman, on the seashore of North Carolina. “ R. persicarioides ” regarded as not distinct, was
observed by Pursh, and Elliott, from Virginia to Carolina; by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall,
on the Arkansas.
C y n o s u r u s c id s ta tu s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain d o f s - t a i l
g r a s s from its spike fringed on one side only, or w in d le - s t r a w from its stem used for platting (Prior) ;
and the mi C L e gP e ò^ T e VVl ndeL STP6KVV two-edged and growing in highways according to
the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 4. 3 ,— is referred here by Cockayne : C. cristatus is described by Barrelier
pi. 27 ; is termed “ gramen spicatum glumis cristatis” by Tournefort inst. 519 ; and is known
to grow in grassy places throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 316, and Pers.). Eastward, the
“ kunôsôura” of Eustathius may be compared: C. cristatus was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard,
from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
A g r o s t i s s p i c a - v e n t i of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Britain w in d le -
s t r a w (Prior, Mylne, and Cockayne), and agreeing with the implied smaller “ windel streaw : ” — A.
spica-venti is described by Lobel p l i. 3 (Spreng.), and Parkinson ; is knovvn to occur in cultivated
ground throughout middle Europe (Leers pl. 4, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Chaubard
in the Peloponnesus.
A i r a coe sp ito sa of Northern Climates- A grass growing in tufts that in Britain are called h a s s
o c k s (Nemnich, and Prior) ; the C S V C of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 63 and iii. 62 — is referred
here by Cockayne, confirmation being found in Lacnunga : A. cæspitosa is termed “ gramen pratense
paniculatum altissimum locustis parvis splendentibus non aristatis ” by Tournefort inst. 524 ; and is
known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers.,
and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp frequent in grassy tracts on the Greek islands ; is
known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.), and in Sib,fria (Wats., and Kunth). Farther East, across the
Pacific, is known to grow on Unalascha (Kunth) ; in Canada, and as far South as Lat. 40° in central
Pennsylvania (Muhl, Dari., Wats., and A. Gray).
A v e n a p r a t e 7i s i s of middle and Northern Europe. The S e Lp2k.e T 6 of the Anglo-Saxon leecli-
book iii. 8, referred by Cockayne to the w i l d oa t, may be compared: A. pratensis is termed “ gramen
avenaceum panicula purpuro-argentea splendente ” by Tournefort inst. 525 ; and is known to grow in
meads throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland (Engl. bot. pl. 1204, Pers., and A. Dec.). Eastward,
was observed by Sibthorp near Constantinople.
“ The same y e a r ” (Alst. p. 371), Otfridus Wissenburgensis writing on religious subjects in the
v e r 7ia c 7i l a r hm g u a g e of Franconia.
“ 860 to 863 A. D.” (Rafn), rediscovery of Iceland by the Scandinavian navigator Cardar.
The nilometer at Rhoda having been accidentally injured, was rebuilt by khalif Motawakkel
(Kufic inscript., Marcel, and Wilk. Theb. and eg. p. 312). Its p o Ì 7t t e d a i'ch e s^ ’ may therefore
prove the earliest instances of this style of art (see below, Tooloon).
“ 861 A. D . ” (art de verif.), Motawakkel succeeded by Montaser, eleventh Abbassid khalif.
S tr y c Jm o s 7i u x - v o 77i ic a of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The imported seeds are mentioned
by Abram— (Serap. 164, F. Adams), and Haly Abbas. The tree is called in Telinga “ musadi,” in
Bengalee “ kuchila ” (Lindl) , in the environs of Bombay “ kajra ” (Graham) ; is mentioned by a commentator
on the Amara-cosha (W. Jones in as. res. iv. p. 128) ; was observed in Hindustan by
Rheede i. pl. 37, Roxburgh, and Royle ; by Graham, in the “ hilly parts of the Concans, the bitter
wood of the roots “ used by the natives in the cure of intermittent fevers ; ” is known to grow foso
on Ceylon (Linn. fi. zeyl. 91). Farther Fast, is enumerated by Mason v. 488 as indigenous in Burmah
and called “ kha-boung,” growing “ as far South as Maulmain,” the pulp of the fruit a favourite
tep/stewith native children“ ’ a id the bark “ used by the Karens in fevers ; ” the l ig n u m c o lu b r in um
of commerce is regarded by Blume as consisting in great part of wood of this +15®'®« “
anv other (Lindl). Westward from Flindustan, the imported seeds are called m Egypt k)djle or
“ chobz el ghorab” or “ ¿ejsch el ghorab” (Forsk. mat. med., and D e l ) , and according to Clot-Le_y
the living tree has recently been introduced; “ nucis vomice ” is mentioned by Nicolaus Irasposi-
tus T'^2 and continues well known in Europe as exceedingly poisonous seeds affording as m other
species the principle called s t r y c lm ia ; the bark is besides imported under the name of f a l s e
A y ig u sU ir a (Lindl) . • i i i, r i
“ 862 A. D. ” (art de verif.), Montaser succeeded by Mostain, twelfth Abbassia ktiaiii.
“ The same y e a r ” (Talvi, and others), at Novogorod, dissensions among the Slavonians m
electing their “ posadnik ” (mayor), the choice falling upon Rurik chief of the Va regians ; an
encroaching Scandinavian tribe (by the Finns called “ Ruotzi ” or “ strangers” ). 1 he election leading
to a more warlike policy, is regarded as the b e g in n in g o f th e R u s s ia n em p ir e . The encroaching
Scandinavians being comparatively few, soon becoming amalgamated and merged in the general
Slavonian population. , . . . .
“ 863 A. D . ” (Talvi). Some Slavonian tribes (according to Kopitar) already m possession ol Tie
Gla<rolitic a lp h a b e t . But “ about this time,” the G r e e k alphabet with some additional letters applied
to the Slavonic language by Constantine usually called Cyril ; sent to Moravia with his brother
Methodius as missionaries ; and the Gospels translated by them into Slavonic. , ,
The same year ( = “ 5th year of Seiwa,” art de verif.), the writings of Confucius brought to the
court of Japan, and read with approval.
“ 865 A. D . ” (Alst. p. 371), Huldericus bishop of Augsburg writing against the celibacy ot the
clergy : and against encroacliment on the religious liberty enjoyed by the German priesthood.
“ The same y e a r ” (Nicol), Ethelbert IT succeeded by Ethelred or Ethered, fifth Anglo-Saxon
king of England. _ • 1 i u nr
“ 866 A. D.” (art de verif.), Mostain succeeded by Motaz, thirteenth Abbassid khalil
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl), Agmvahu reigmng in
Hindustan. j xt ..i
“ 867 A. D.” (Blair), the Danes under Ivar brought into England by Earl Bruern, and Northumberland
conquered by them. . •, -n
“ The same y e a r ” (Alst.), Michael III. succeeded by Basilius Macedo, thirty-fourth Byzantine
emperor. Writings by the emperor Basilius are extant; and in his reign, Christianity was finally
adopted by the Greeks of Maina in the Peloponnesus (Porphyrog. adm. 224, and E. A. Soph.).
One hundred and fifty-fifth generation. Sept. ist, 867, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish
writer Nachshon : the Arab writers, Ebn Kotaiba, Alfraganus, Kostha ben Luca, Beladsor d. 92
(Gildem.) : Nicetas Paphlago, Joannes diaconus and rhetor, Simeon Metaphrastes, Joseph the hym-
nographer d. 883, Metrophanes of Smyrna: Hincmarus ; John Scotus ; Ambrosius Ansbertus, Remigius
Antisiodorensis. . , ,
“ The same y e a r ” (T. Wright early trav. Palest.), sailing of Bernard from Tarentum, provided
with letters of safe conduct from the Muslim prince of Southern Italy, and in company with three
thousand Christian captives in two ships. Landing at Alexandria and proceeding up the Nile Bernard
describes “ such a pe a ce ” between Christians and Muslims that a traveller’s baggage might be safely
left on the road : but any one found journeying “ without a letter or some mark of a king or prince of
that land” is imprisoned, until he can give an account of himself, "whether he be a sp} or not.
After reaching the village of Babylon, Bernard returned Northward, proceeding to Damietta, thence
to Faramea and across the Desert by the nearest route to Palestine.
“ 868 A. D . ” (Alst., and Nico l ) , at Rome, Nicolaus succeeded h y Hadrianus I I . , forty-second
archbishop.
“ 869 A. D.” (art de verif ), Motaz succeeded by Mohtadi, fourteenth Abbassid khalif.
Hobaisch, a nephew of Honain (Spreng. hist. med. vi. 5), may have been at this time writing
L iq u id a 7 7 ib a r a l t in g ia of mountainous districts in the East Indies. The “ miat ” described by
Hobaisch as flowing from the bark of a lofty tree in the East Indies,— mentioned also by Ishak Ebn
Amran, Rhazes, Serapion 46, Avicenna, Abu Khoraij, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sprengel.
the “ sioracis liquide” is mentioned by Franciscus de Pedemontium f. 133 ; and l i q t n d s t o r a x continues
to be largely imported into Europe. Eastward, L. altiiigia growing at the elevarion of from two
to three thousand feet on Java, was ascertained by Noronha, and Blume fl. jav. p l , to yield the “ ras-sa-
ma-la” of the Malays or true liquid storax: and farther North, according to Mason v. p. 486 (and
I?